Anthropogenically accelerated sediment accumulation within playa wetlands as a result of land cover change on the High Plains of the central United States
Introduction
Playa wetlands are typically relatively small, quasi-circular, ephemeral, depressional wetlands found within semi-arid and arid watersheds around the world (Fig. 1) (Goudie and Wells, 1995, Sabin and Holliday, 1995). They are ubiquitous features of the central and western Great Plains, particularly the High Plains regions of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Nearly 90,000 playas are included in the Playa Lakes Joint Venture “Maps of Probable Playas” geodatabase (http://pljv.org/for-habitat-partners/maps-and-data/maps-of-probable-playas/). In the State of Kansas alone, there are > 22,000 playas, with the majority distributed throughout the High Plains of western Kansas (Fig. 2) (Bowen et al., 2010). Consequently, playas are critical wetland resources for the region, providing a range of essential ecosystem services including groundwater recharge, surface water storage, wetland habitat, biodiversity, flood mitigation, sediment and pollutant filtering, and nutrient cycling (Smith et al., 2011).
Playas occupy the lowest elevation within internally drained watersheds and accumulate sediment eroded from the surrounding watershed as well as regional dust. Transport in overland flow is the primary mechanism delivering recent sediment to playas (Luo et al., 1999), and sediment is removed from playas only by aeolian deflation. Prior to cultivation, playas existed on the landscape for thousands of years (Holliday et al., 1996, Holliday et al., 2008, Bowen and Johnson, 2012, Bowen and Johnson, 2015), maintaining a quasi-equilibrium between sediment accumulation, soil formation, and deflation. Over the past century, however, conversion of significant portions of the landscape from short-grass prairie to cultivated cropland has accelerated the rates of sediment accumulation within playas (Luo et al., 1997). Accumulated sediment can reduce wetland biodiversity, habitat value, and surface-water availability, increase nutrient and pesticide delivery to playas and evaporation of water from playas (Tsai et al., 2010, Smith et al., 2011), and can potentially result in the total disappearance of the playa from the landscape (Luo et al., 1997, Johnson et al., 2012). Anthropogenically accelerated sediment accumulation is the greatest threat to playas (Smith, 2003). Linking recent sediment accumulation in playas to site- and landscape-scale variables, such as watershed and playa morphometry, watershed land cover, and playa grass buffer conditions is essential to provide a robust model to assess impacts to playa ecosystem functions.
A growing body of research addresses the role of land cover as it relates to anthropogenically accelerated sediment accumulation within playas (Luo et al., 1997, Luo et al., 1999, Tsai et al., 2007, Tsai et al., 2010, Johnson et al., 2012, O'Connell et al., 2013, Daniel et al., 2014, Gitz et al., 2015, Tang et al., 2015), but to date, only one playa-sedimentation study has been completed in Kansas (O'Connell et al., 2013). Additionally, the impacts of long-term land-cover change (i.e., change that persists for decades) on playa sedimentation rates and processes has been largely overlooked.
Planting and maintenance of grass buffers can be used as a management technique to reduce the amount of sediment delivered to a playa as a result of increased erosion due to cultivation within the watershed. Little research has been done, however, assessing the effectiveness of grass buffers as a playa management technique (Skagen et al., 2008), and grass buffers are rarely used to protect playas (Johnson et al., 2012). The most effective width of grass buffers needed to control playa sedimentation is not well understood, with recommendations ranging from < 1 m to 300 m, depending upon site conditions (Melcher and Skagen, 2005). On the southern High Plains, playa-focused biologists have recommended buffer widths of 30–90 m, but that range of widths is based on “best judgement” (Smith, 2003). Haukos et al. (2016) recently determined that buffers with at least 80% vegetation cover and a width of 30–60 m were effective at removing > 80% of the sediment load in runoff, while still allowing runoff to reach the playa. As such, grass buffers could be an effective and economical management technique targeted at a small portion of a cultivated watershed to protect playas from the effects of anthropogenically accelerated sediment erosion. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has likely had the greatest influence on enhancing playa grass buffers by converting cropland areas susceptible to erosion to grassland (Smith et al., 2011). The CRP is a U.S. Department of Agriculture voluntary land conservation program in which farmers receive a payment for removing environmentally sensitive land from agricultural production. The Non-Floodplain Wetlands Initiative (CP-23A) is a practice within the CRP with a specific emphasis on reducing cropland within and surrounding playas for at least 10–15 yr periods (USDA Farm Service Agency, 2011).
The objectives of this study were to: (1) estimate amount of recent sediment accumulated within playas, (2) determine how watershed and playa morphometry and land cover influenced recent sediment accumulation, and (3) assess the role of grass buffers in reducing sediment accumulation. Accordingly, the project consisted of: (1) calculating watershed morphometric variables; (2) calculating playa morphometric variables; (3) determining recent sediment thickness and volume in playas and percent playa volume currently occupied by stored sediment; and (4) measuring the amount of grassland and cropland within associated watersheds, within a 30 m buffer surrounding playas, and within playas.
Section snippets
Regional setting
The Kansas section of the High Plains physiographic region encompasses portions of at least 30 counties in the western third of the state and contain > 21,000 playas (Bowen et al., 2010) (Fig. 2). Playas occupy a region characterized by a climate that is semi-arid in the west and dry sub-humid to the east (Veregin, 2005). Native plant communities were composed of dense stands of short-grasses such as blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and buffalo grass (Bouteloua dactyloides) (Küchler, 1974).
Watershed and playa morphometry
Watershed morphometry and playa morphometry are highly correlated (Table 1). All watershed morphometric variables are significantly correlated except area and mean slope, perimeter and mean slope, and circularity and maximum slope. All playa morphometric variables are significantly correlated except circularity, which is only significantly correlated with hydric soil perimeter. Watershed area, perimeter, total relief, and maximum slope are significantly correlated with all playa morphometric
Influence of watershed and playa morphometry on playa sediment accumulation
Watershed size and playa size are significantly and positively correlated. Playas in larger watersheds typically have a larger hydric soil area and greater storage volume. There are no known studies comparing playa area to watershed area, but an analysis of isolated, depressional wetlands on the northern Great Plains found that wetland surface area and watershed area were strongly related (r2 = 0.70) (Gleason et al., 2007). Playas with large hydric soil areas and storage volumes are only slightly
Conclusions
Watershed and playa morphometry exhibit little influence on the thickness of recent sediment accumulation within playas. Sediment accumulation within playas is highly influenced by the percent of the watershed converted to cultivated cropland and the presence of a grass buffer surrounding the playa. Thus, the loss of playa storage volume is primarily the result of anthropogenically accelerated sediment accumulation within playas due to the conversion of playas and their watersheds from native
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [grant number F13AP00338], the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Office of Student Scholarly and Creative Activities, and the University of Kansas General Research Fund. The authors express their appreciation to the Kansas Alliance for Wetlands and Streams, particularly Joe Kramer (NRCS), for assistance in securing access to playas and to the numerous land owners that graciously allowed access to their property. Undergraduate
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Land-cover changes and influences on playa wetland inundation on the Southern High Plains
2020, Journal of Arid EnvironmentsCitation Excerpt :For example, certain types of land cover may impede or help playa wetlands stay inundated (Cariveau et al., 2011; Bartuszevige et al., 2012; Collins et al., 2014), whereas sedimentation, drainage, and other forms of disturbance associated with land-cover changes have contributed to an estimated 17–70% loss of playas (Johnson et al., 2012; Ruiz et al., 2014; Starr et al., 2016). There have been previous studies comparing playas within different land-cover contexts, focusing on water and wildlife contamination (e.g. Venne et al., 2006; Anderson et al., 2013), biodiversity (plants, arthropods, amphibians, and birds; e.g. Haukos and Smith, 1994; Haukos and Smith, 1997; Gray et al., 2004; Cokendolpher et al., 2008; Reece and McIntyre, 2009; Tsai et al., 2012), hydroperiod length (e.g. Tsai et al., 2007; Cariveau et al., 2011; Bartuszevige et al., 2012; Collins et al., 2014), sedimentation (e.g. Luo et al., 1997; Starr et al., 2016), and the effectiveness of vegetated buffers at improving water quality in terms of sediments and pesticides (e.g. Haukos et al., 2016; Bowen and Johnson, 2017), among other topics. However, given the importance of playas as well as the fact that a large proportion of playas in Texas occur within cropland-dominated watersheds (Collins et al., 2014), as well as changes in irrigation practices in recent decades from flood-row irrigation to drip and center-pivot irrigation (Colaizzi et al., 2009; Musick et al., 1990; Nieswiadomy, 1988) and establishment of the Conservation Reserve Program, there is a need to examine quantitatively the relationships between changes in landscape patterns and playa inundation in recent time.
Sediment accumulation and sedimentation rates in playas on the High Plains of western Kansas, USA
2019, GeomorphologyCitation Excerpt :Most approaches to measure the amount of accumulated sediment have been based on visual identification of sediment or other qualitative techniques. Additionally, some studies include the entire A horizon of the surface as sediment (Daniel et al., 2015; Gitz et al., 2015), while others only include sediment that has not been pedogenically modified (Bowen and Johnson, 2017). The goal of this study is to apply an objective approach to quantifying the amount of recent (past ~100–175 yr) sediment accumulated within playa wetlands and to establish chronologies of playa fill.
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2019, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :One area of interest in conservation has been to understand playa sediment in terms accelerated sedimentation due to landscape changes and also the loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) in playas and their associated uplands. In Kansas, Bowen and Johnson (2017) determined the amount of sedimentation in playas was directly related to the fraction of drainage which was covered by cropland and the presence of a functional and managed grass buffer around the playa. McIntyre et al. (2018) examined many years of satellite imagery to show that 85% of all playas in a Texas study area had lost their ability hold water in times when the region is experiencing abundant rainfall, and the decrease is particularly acute for playas of ≤10 ha.
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2019, International Journal of Sediment Research