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Pilocarpus microphyllus is the main source of the medicament for glaucoma treatment.

Absence of sustainable management increases the risk of extinction of the species.

We review our understanding of P. microphyllus and propose conservation strategies.

New potential areas of natural occurrence of P. microphyllus are proposed.

Well synchronized vegetative and reproductive patterns in field growing plants.

Robust information on biodiversity patterns and trends is important for public policies for nature conservation and sustainable development.

Current Brazilian policy of cuts in science puts research programs and long term monitoring of biodiversity at risk.

Reduced spending will have long-term negative impacts on capacity building in science and technology.

Cuts will reduce Brazil's capability to predict, mitigate negative impacts of, and adapt to global environmental changes.

Cuts will result in less effective and efficient conservation strategies, threatening ecosystem services and human well-being, and in failure to reach the National Targets for Biodiversity 2011–2020.

Rewilding is more than species (re-)introductions.

Rewilding also produces ecological restoration and social impacts.

South American projects can develop contextually appropriate rewilding approaches.

There are many opportunities to study and implement rewilding in South America.

Rewilding envisages restoring ecosystem functions by counteracting defaunation.

Interactions affect the fate of introduced individuals and community responses.

Network models help predicting how an introduced species integrates the food web.

Networks can help predicting and monitoring community-level outcomes.

Feasibility and risk analyses of rewilding can benefit from a network approach.

Leaf phenology monitoring using digital cameras in tropical vegetation.

Digital images can track temporal changes in the vegetation structure.

Phenocams are potential tools for conservation biology.

Phenocams for tropical phenology monitoring are a promising research field in Brazil.

Grasslands in South America are currently experiencing rapid and widespread impacts from activities such as urbanization and conversion to agriculture.

However, we still understand little about how such a rapidly changing landscape affects numerous grassland migratory birds on the continent.

The application of recent advances in the field of movement ecology has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of the ecology and behavior of grassland migratory birds in South America.

We review the current state of knowledge about grassland birds that migrate within South America and how the emerging field of movement ecology can contribute to understanding how to conserve and manage their populations.

Populations of five species and a jaguar breeding program have been established.

High quality communication and learning from animals responses are lessons learned.

Importance of suitable habitat, long-term commitment and solid and flexible teams.

Iberá Rewilding Program represents a model for proactive conservation in the Americas.

We proposed the rewilding of tortoise to seed large seed dispersion.

We used local suitability and food availability to propose rewilding.

The proposed rewilding areas were compared with high defaunation intensity.

Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) promotes conservation while alleviating poverty and removing GHG.

EbA is a policy mix that integrates development and environmental policies.

It triggers adaptive transition, a key step towards sustainability transitions.

Conservation science can boost EbA by looking into coupled human-natural systems.

Brazil´s policy setting favors what is possibly the planet´s largest EbA program.

We described the first refaunation program in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Agoutis and howlers monkeys were reintroduced to restore seed dispersal.

We show evidence that refaunation is restoring ecological interactions.

Our experience shows that rewilding initiatives can be less costly than expected.

Feedbacks between coupled rural–urban systems can strengthen best agricultural management practices.

We developed an integrative approach that considers rural and urban systems as interconnected elements of the territory.

Evaluating complex systems from a territorial perspective relies on the understanding of their ecological and socioeconomic dimensions.

Community-based conservation programs can be an effective tool to promote conservation.

Enforced hunting guidelines comprise a critical step in establishing conservation strategies.

Spatial zoning of harvest areas can become a window of opportunity to conserve iconic species.