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UN&#41;&#44; many countries are now working on global agreements and strategies to mitigate and adapt to the challenges imposed by global change as a response to the aggravation of the environmental crisis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">Mace&#44; 2014&#59; Nimmo et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Szinwelski et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Commitments within such strategies are the Bonn Challenge &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.bonnchallenge.org/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;bonnchallenge&#46;org</a>&#41;&#44; whose aims include the restoration of 150 million hectares of the world&#39;s deforested and degraded land by 2020&#44; and the New York Declaration on Forests&#44; endorsed at the 2014 Climate Summit&#44; that aims to restore 350 million hectares by 2030&#46; While these initiatives are welcome and very relevant&#44; there has been a hot debate about where and how to run restoration initiatives &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">Veldman et al&#46;&#44; 2015a&#44;b&#59; Fernandes et al&#46;&#44; 2016a</a>&#41;&#46; For instance&#44; the recently proposed afforestation of grasslands and savannas can bring more problems than solutions in terms of carbon sequestration &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Berthrong et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; see also <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Deng et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; The introduction of trees where they have not been present historically can have disastrous impacts on local biodiversity and associated ecosystem services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Fernandes&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; these effects must be considered as restoration involves much more than simply planting trees&#46; Ultimately&#44; we must define the identity of the ecosystem in question in order to restore it with native species and bring back its biodiversity and ecosystem services &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235">Overbeck et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Kollmann et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this paper&#44; we advocate for a well conducted and scientifically oriented restoration of roadsides&#46; We define roadsides as the environment alongside paved roads&#44; which in Brazil generally comprises 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m on each side&#46; These areas have been completely neglected as a target for restoration&#44; despite their high potential&#46; Roadsides occupy a considerable area but are often degraded&#44; suffering from erosion&#44; covered by invasive species&#44; or even left in bare soil&#46; In some cases&#44; roadsides are illegally used for parking&#44; house construction&#44; and increasingly for food production&#46; The latter can have different forms&#44; depending on the socio-economic context of the region&#58; they may be used for small-scale farming&#44; often using slash and burn as the management strategy&#44; or simply be incorporated into adjacent agricultural areas&#46; The construction of paved roads and their management has many impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services around the world&#44; including wildlife kills&#44; the spread of wildfires and invasive species&#44; chemical and noise pollution&#44; erosion&#44; and watercourses siltation &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Ibisch et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a> for a recent review&#41;&#46; Even more importantly&#44; roads are a major facilitator of &#40;often uncontrolled&#41; deforestation&#44; especially in tropical countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Laurance et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; In the Brazilian Amazon&#44; for example&#44; 94&#37; of deforestation has occurred within 5&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km of a road &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Berber et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41; and represents a great threat to biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Vale et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In many countries&#44; road construction and maintenance lack the most basic concerns with conservation and impact mitigation&#46; In Brazil&#44; for instance&#44; although there are many state and federal regulations to reduce the environmental impact of roads&#44; there is practically no law enforcement by governmental agencies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Fernandes&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; This has led to an unsurprisingly high number of these same agencies allowing the use of noxious invasive species in the revegetation of disturbed roadsides &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Hil&#225;rio et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If scientifically guided and properly restored&#44; these areas could dramatically increase carbon sequestration as well as provide other ecosystem services&#46; These include control and prevention of erosion and landslides&#44; reduction of noise and chemical pollution&#44; containment of invasive species&#44; and conservation and enhancement of native biodiversity &#8211; for instance&#44; by providing habitat and by connecting natural ecosystems&#46; To illustrate and provide empirical support to our proposal&#44; we take a hypothetical scenario where all state and federal paved roads in Brazil would have their roadsides properly restored&#44; i&#46;e&#46; according to the native vegetation the roads cross through&#46; The Brazilian case is particularly interesting because the country has set a national commitment to restore 12 million hectares of land by 2030&#44; as part of the Bonn Challenge and the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Brazil iNDC&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; We argue that if roadsides were properly restored instead of being left degraded and unprotected&#44; they could help Brazil meet its carbon sequestration commitment and restoration goals&#44; while additionally contributing to the provisioning of ecosystem services and to the mitigation of a number of negative effects of roads on the environment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Material and methods</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the complex and large paved road system of Brazil&#44; which comprises more than 210&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km and spans six biomes&#46; We focused on paved roads because they are known to be more environmentally harmful than unpaved roads &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Nepstad et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#44; which generally have low traffic&#44; with a lesser impact on roadsides and no intentional introduction of exotic species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Barbosa et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Despite plans for expansion of the road network in Brazil and ongoing road maintenance work&#44; this is currently the best scenario available to perform our calculations&#46; We followed the Brazilian federal legislation on land allotment &#40;Federal Law 6&#46;766&#47;1979&#41;&#44; which determines that 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m along each roadside should be set aside&#46; Thus&#44; we calculated the area within the 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m on each side of paved roads from each biome&#46; We excluded urban areas&#44; which we assumed not to be available for restoration&#44; even though very often the environmental damage done during construction can be considered here as well &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Barbosa et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Spatial data on paved roads were acquired from the Brazilian National Transport Infrastructure Department &#40;DNIT&#44; <a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.dnit.gov.br/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;dnit&#46;gov&#46;br</a>&#41;&#44; biome data from the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment &#40;MMA&#44; <a id="intr0015" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.mma.gov.br/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;mma&#46;gov&#46;br</a>&#41; and urban areas from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics &#40;IBGE&#44; <a id="intr0020" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ibge&#46;gov&#46;br</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We do acknowledge that there are some variables that could be estimated which would make our model more realistic&#46; However&#44; the main aim of this exercise is to provide the first insights into the potential for roadside restoration to enhance environmental quality and carbon sequestration in these areas&#46; We are aware&#44; for instance&#44; that there might be practical or technical reasons why restoring to the immediate edge of the road may not be feasible everywhere&#46; For example&#44; tree roots could damage the pavement&#44; while leaves and debris could prevent roads from efficiently draining during storms&#44; or could fall on vehicles&#46; Also&#44; some locations will not be available for restoration due to intersections or other infrastructures&#44; or because they have been illegally occupied&#46; In addition&#44; traffic signs or road signs erected at the side of roads must be visible to give instructions or provide information to road users&#46; On the other hand&#44; larger roads often contain median strips&#44; usually with herbaceous or shrub vegetation that could also have some potential for restoration actions&#46; In addition&#44; there may be public land adjacent to the roadsides that would be available to be included in the planning&#46; In virtually all road construction in Brazil&#44; vegetation removal along roads is larger than the expected&#44; patios are created for construction equipment&#44; and sand&#44; gravel&#44; or slate are excavated from the ground and used in the road pavement&#46; Here&#44; however&#44; we simplify and assume a scenario where roadsides could be restored throughout their entire width&#46; Given the scale we are working at&#44; it would be difficult to account for potential losses and gains in area&#44; due to specific constraints&#44; simply because data are not available in such a fine resolution for the whole country</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To calculate the area of roadsides that can be restored inside each biome we used the package raster v2&#46;5-8 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Hijmans and van Etten&#44; 2012</a>&#41; implemented in R &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">R Development Core Team&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; We calculated the amount of carbon that can be sequestered by properly restored roadsides based on previous estimates made for the native vegetation of each of the six Brazilian biomes &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Milton et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; We used the estimated values of 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>t<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for forest environments for the Amazon and Atlantic Rain Forest biomes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Malhi and Grace&#44; 2000&#59; Amundson&#44; 2001&#59; Baker et al&#46;&#44; 2004&#59; Chave et al&#46;&#44; 2008&#59; Lewis et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>t<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for savanna&#47;grassland ecosystems as the Cerrado&#44; Pampa&#44; and Pantanal biomes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330">Watson et al&#46;&#44; 2000&#59; Grace et al&#46;&#44; 2006&#59; Ward et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>t<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for the xeric Caatinga biome &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Amundson&#44; 2001&#59; Grace&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; although Brazil has not yet regulated its carbon market&#44; we estimated the monetary value of carbon that could be traded&#44; considering the unit values adopted by the main climate finance initiative in Brazil &#40;the Amazon Fund&#41;&#44; and the minimum and maximum carbon prices of existing initiatives in the world&#58; US&#36;1&#47;tCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>e and US&#36;131&#47;tCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>e&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">World Bank et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; In this calculation&#44; the C was converted to CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; since the biophysical value sequestered is in the first unit and the market value in the second unit&#46; This transformation was performed using the ratio of molecular weights &#40;44&#47;12&#41;&#46; We also calculated&#44; based on estimates by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Benini and Adeodato &#40;2017&#41;</a>&#44; the restoration costs for each biome&#44; using a currency exchange of 1 Brazilian Real to 0&#46;30 US Dollars&#46; As restoration costs vary depending on site conditions and restoration technique used&#44; we used the minimum and maximum cost associated with natural regeneration under good environmental conditions and active restoration under poor environmental conditions&#44; respectively&#58; US&#36;54&#46;00 to US&#36;5247&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for the Amazon&#44; US&#36;55&#46;50 to US&#36;6381&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for the Atlantic Forest&#44; US&#36;54&#46;00 to US&#36;6683&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for Cerrado&#44; US&#36;54&#46;30 to US&#36;5984&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for the Caatinga&#44; US&#36;94&#46;50 to US&#36;8547&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for Pantanal and US&#36;54&#46;30 to US&#36;7755&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> for the Pampa&#46; In theory&#44; we would have to subtract current costs of maintenance and management of roadside area from this value&#44; but these data are not available&#46; We are aware that our calculations are based on relatively coarse estimates regarding&#58; &#40;1&#41; total area to be restored&#44; &#40;2&#41; carbon sequestration potential&#44; &#40;3&#41; carbon prices&#44; and &#40;4&#41; restoration costs&#46; On the other hand&#44; the carbon estimates we use are most likely quite conservative&#46; For example&#44; for soil stocks&#44; estimates exist for some regions that exceed the values we used &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9000">Paiva and Faria&#44; 2007</a> for Cerrado&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9005">Tornquist et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a> for Pampa&#41;&#46; This should offset possible uncertainties in the other parameters used in the calculations&#44; or limitations for restoration due to technical issues&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m on each side&#41; alongside federal and state paved highways in Brazil represent an area of &#8764;585&#44;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha&#46; Of this&#44; approximately 3&#46;3&#37; &#40;19&#44;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha&#41; are within urban areas&#46; Excluding these urban areas&#44; a total of 566&#44;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha would potentially be available for restoration&#46; This corresponds to only &#8764;4&#46;7&#37; of Brazil&#39;s commitment under the Paris Agreement but could sequester 55&#46;3 million tons of carbon if properly restored &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">UNFCCC&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; The greatest potential is in the Atlantic Forest biome&#44; which combines the greatest road density &#40;40&#37; of the total area to be restored&#41; with the highest carbon stock potential &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; followed by the Cerrado and the Caatinga &#40;&#8764;30&#37; and &#8764;17&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Our crude estimate is that the negotiated amount of carbon could range between US&#36; 202 million and US&#36; 26&#46;5 billion&#46; The estimated cost of restoration ranged from US&#36; 32 million to US&#36; 3&#46;7 billion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; and&#44; therefore&#44; the choice of restoration strategy can be crucial for cost-effectiveness&#44; especially under low carbon market values&#46; Considering the values adopted by the Amazon Fund&#44; the negotiated value could reach up to US&#36; 1 billion&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Brazil&#44; there is the opportunity to&#44; with a single measure &#8211; roadside restoration &#8211; restore 566&#44;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha of currently underused land&#44; increasing carbon sequestration in a magnitude that would be enough to offset one-fourth of the country&#39;s annual emissions from vehicles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">MMA&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; contributing to carbon stock increases at a regional scale&#46; The restoration costs&#44; despite significantly overlapping with potential negotiated carbon price&#44; can be at least partly offset if the carbon stocks were to be negotiated&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Contribution of roadsides to Brazil&#39;s restoration commitments</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Brazil can achieve all its commitment to restoring 12 million hectares of land under the Paris Agreement just by enforcing already existing legislation&#46; The enforcement of the &#8220;Permanent Preservation Areas&#8221; under the Forest Code &#40;Federal Law 12&#46;651&#47;2012&#41;&#44; which requires landowners to restore areas along rivers that were illegally suppressed of vegetation cover&#44; would represent 10 million hectares of restored areas in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest alone &#40;<a id="intr0025" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.fbds.org.br/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;fbds&#46;org&#46;br&#47;</a>&#41;&#46; Similarly&#44; enforcing &#8220;Legal Reserves&#8221; under the Forest Code&#44; i&#46;e&#46; a specific percentage of original vegetation cover that must be present in farms&#44; depending on the biome where it is located&#44; would represent an additional 21&#46;5 million hectares of restored land &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Soares-Filho et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Assuming that the Forest Code will not be fully enforced &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Roriz et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#44; the Brazilian commitment under the Paris Agreement can be achieved using a policy mix approach&#44; i&#46;e&#46; multiple policy instruments to target the single environmental objective of land restoration&#46; In that context&#44; enforcing the legislation on land allotment &#40;Federal Law 6&#46;766&#47;1979&#41;&#44; as proposed here&#44; has the potential of restoring almost 566&#44;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha of land on roadsides&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In regions where most natural vegetation cover is gone&#44; restoration becomes a key conservation strategy&#46; To avoid a greater impact of global change on Brazilian biomes&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Segan et al&#46; &#40;2016&#41;</a> recommend restoration as the best strategy for Atlantic Forest&#44; Cerrado&#44; Caatinga&#44; and Pampa&#46; Here we found the greatest restoration potential along roads in the Atlantic Forest&#44; followed by the Cerrado biome &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; due to the extension of the road network there&#46; Both are &#8220;biodiversity hotspots&#8221;&#44; i&#46;e&#46; areas that combine exceptional biodiversity with &#62;85&#37; loss of original vegetation cover&#44; and are considered global conservation priorities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Myers et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; The Atlantic Forest is a top priority for restoration in Brazil given that it is the most deforested biome in the country &#40;only 12&#8211;16&#37; of it remain covered by native vegetation&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ribeiro et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41; and the one that hosts 65&#37; of Brazilian population and 80&#37; of its GDP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Brancalion et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; It is also particularly prone to restoration projects&#44; as it is home to the &#8220;Pact for the Restoration of the Atlantic Forest&#8221;&#44; assembling over 100 businesses and nongovernmental and governmental organizations with the goal of restoring 15 million ha of Atlantic Forest by 2050 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Rodrigues et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Another top priority for restoration is the Cerrado biome&#44; where recent estimates indicate that targeted restoration could help to mitigate a major extinction crisis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Strassburg et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Cerrado is the Brazilian biome that has lost the largest natural vegetation area&#59; an area larger than the entire Atlantic rainforest &#40;more than 1 million km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Fernandes et al&#46;&#44; 2016b</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; our proposal of restoring roadsides with native species is particularly relevant for these two hotspots&#46; It is also very relevant to Pampa&#44; which is not a hotspot but has also lost most of its original vegetation cover &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Andrade et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We do acknowledge that&#44; due to the coarse resolution of our analyses&#44; our calculations are rather crude&#44; as they are based on simplified assumptions regarding area available for restoration &#40;and resulting carbon storage potential&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; we hope that the first analysis for Brazil as a whole&#44; as we present here&#44; will stimulate researchers or relevant agencies to conduct similar analyses at a finer scale for particular regions&#44; e&#46;g&#46; administrative units&#46; The measurement of relevant parameters at an adequate scale &#40;e&#46;g&#46; site&#47;soil conditions&#44; current degradation state&#44; technical issues&#41;&#44; will allow a more precise assessment of restoration potential and costs&#46; Our broad-scale study&#44; while containing inherent uncertainties&#44; does not limit the overall message of the great restoration potential right along the roadside&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Carbon storage potential of roadside restoration</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While in many regions of the world carbon is a commodity &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">World Bank et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; Brazil is still studying the implementation of an emissions trading mechanism&#46; Certainly&#44; a Brazilian carbon market would make forest restoration actions more feasible&#44; and this market could be used to finance governmental roadside restoration projects&#46; Regardless of the implementation of a carbon market&#44; climate finance could certainly play a major role in fostering restoration in Brazil&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; Brazil negotiates its leading climate mitigation effort through the Amazon Fund&#44; receiving US&#36; 5 per ton of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>e&#46; On the other hand&#44; most scenario analysis from various studies indicates that a global average carbon price of between US&#36;80&#47;tCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>e and US&#36;120&#47;tCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>e in 2030 would be consistent with the goal of limiting the global temperature increase to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">IPCC&#44; 2014&#59; IEA&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; This is within the range of prices that we have used in our analysis&#44; showing not only its possible financial benefits for Brazil but also its potential for climate change mitigation globally&#46; Another important mechanism under discussion in international climate negotiations &#8211; the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation &#40;REDD&#43;&#41; &#8211; foresees payments in exchange for forest conservation and restoration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alexander et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Although REDD&#43; is yet to become fully implemented&#44; voluntary reforestation projects that trade REDD&#43; credits already exist&#44; including in Brazil&#44; and could encourage a roadside restoration strategy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Benefits of roadside restoration beyond carbon</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the carbon sequestration potential&#44; roadside restoration has many other environmental benefits&#46; First&#44; it may help to reduce the spread of deforestation along new roads&#44; an indirect impact that was not included in our estimates but that can be very significant&#46; Furthermore&#44; it promotes several ecosystem services&#44; such as soil stabilization&#44; control of noise and light pollution&#44; and enhancing the ornamental value of vegetation&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Milton et al&#46; &#40;2015&#41;</a>&#44; in their recommendations for roadside vegetation management under a road ecology perspective&#44; highlight the paramount role of native plant species if these ecosystem services of roadside vegetation are to be achieved&#46; In some Brazilian regions&#44; landslides are a major environmental threat&#44; being the cause of one of the worst natural disasters in the country ever&#44; with almost 1000 deaths in 2011 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">Zucco et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Soil stabilization is therefore of special relevance in Brazil&#44; in particular in the context of the expected increase in extreme weather events due to climate change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">PBMC&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; roadside restoration&#39;s role in biodiversity conservation should be emphasized&#46; This may be especially the case in non-forest ecosystems&#44; such as the Cerrado&#44; Pampa&#44; Pantanal and Caatinga&#44; which cover one-third of Brazilian territory and are at high risk of biodiversity losses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">Fernandes et al&#46;&#44; 2014&#59; Overbeck et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Fernandes&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; The predominately herbaceous and open vegetation of these biomes&#44; with rather sparse woody species&#44; if present at all&#44; is especially well-suited for roadside vegetation&#46; Besides reducing total restoration costs&#44; this vegetation does not impair visibility&#44; minimizing risks for traveler safety&#46; In our analyses&#44; biomes dominated by non-forest vegetation sum up to almost 50&#37; of the total area to be restored&#46; In landscapes under intense human use&#44; restoring roadside vegetation may provide refuge not only for native plants&#44; but also for other taxonomic groups&#44; such as insects&#44; that might have been regionally lost&#44; and are particularly important for ecosystem functioning&#46; Pollinators for instance have tremendous importance in ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services&#44; especially for animal-pollinated crops &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300">Van Geert et al&#46;&#44; 2010&#59; Novais et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; The benefits of roadside vegetation have been shown for butterflies&#44; bees&#44; birds and small mammals in other regions of the world &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">Hopwood&#44; 2008&#59; McCleery et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Milton et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; as linear systems&#44; roadsides could potentially help connect larger natural areas&#44; increasing movement of plants and animals between habitat fragments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Gilbert-Norton et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41; and promoting the maintenance of genetic diversity and the gene flow between populations &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Mijangos et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to note&#44; however&#44; that the conservation benefit of our proposed roadside restoration could be marginal for some species groups&#44; such as medium to large size animals&#46; A 15-m wide vegetation stripe on each side of the road can still potentially serve as a corridor for these species&#44; but it is often too narrow to sustain viable populations&#44; and may even constitute dangerous traps exposing animals to roadkill &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Coffin&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; for many species &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; birds&#44; bats&#44; insects&#44; etc&#46;&#41; this problem can be minor&#44; and it will also vary among the different ecosystems &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; grasslands&#44; shrublands&#44; forests&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; With appropriate planning&#44; there are methods that can minimize these issues&#44; such as the installation of fences&#44; tunnels&#44; and green bridges for animal crossing in regions of higher risk of roadkill &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">Lesbarr&#232;res and Fahrig&#44; 2012&#59; Rytwinski et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Also&#44; as road networks may act as dispersal corridors of non-native species &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320">von Der Lippe and Kowarik&#44; 2007&#59; Mortensen et al&#46;&#44; 2009&#59; Barbosa et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; the use of native plant species is paramount&#44; just as adequate monitoring and management of roadside vegetation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Milton et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; If properly managed&#44; restored roadsides may even prevent the dispersal of non-native plant species into adjacent ecosystems&#44; as these species often benefit from altered and exposed soil to settle &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Davis et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; At any rate&#44; even if restoration will not allow for establishment of the reference ecosystems in all situation&#44; or along the entire roadside &#40;e&#46;g&#46; maintaining a strip of 2&#8211;3 meters with low vegetation adjacent to the road&#41;&#44; all activities will provide substantial benefits compared to the non-restoration scenario&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Implementation possibilities and perspectives</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We suggest targeting roadsides for restoration not only for the many environmental benefits discussed above but also because they are particularly easy to execute&#46; In most cases&#44; federal and state governments are the sole owners of this large&#44; under-utilized real estate&#46; Therefore&#44; law enforcement would be sufficient to hold road construction agencies responsible for the proposed restoration&#46; There is a pressing need for scientifically guided restoration policies&#44; not only of roadside margins but many other abandoned lands in the country&#46; Here we propose&#44; as a starting point&#44; the incorporation of restoration in the management of existing roads and the planning of future road construction and expansions&#44; which under current practices are not properly restored but&#44; at most&#44; revegetated&#44; often with exotic plants &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Fernandes&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; The adoption of such a restoration strategy could be extremely important in the future as Brazil has 1&#44;351&#44;979<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km of unpaved roads and another 157&#44;309<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km of roads to be constructed and paved in the next few years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">CNT&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; This represents a seven-fold increase in current paved road extent &#8211; 211&#44;468<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">CNT&#44; 2016</a>&#41; &#8211; used in our current analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By 2050 an increase of 25 million km of roads is expected worldwide&#44; in response to the transportation demand of agricultural production&#44; representing a 60&#37; increase in the current road network &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Dulac&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Over 90&#37; of these roads will be implemented in developing countries&#44; such as Brazil&#44; which are exceptionally rich in biodiversity and vital ecosystem services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Laurance et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; To prevent these highways from jeopardizing important ecosystem services&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Laurance et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a> suggest a global strategy of avoiding the construction of roads in areas with high environmental value&#44; while prioritizing construction in areas with low environmental value and where highways could significantly improve agricultural development&#46; The idea is to &#8220;avoid the first cut&#8221; into new ecologically important areas&#46; In areas where new roads have already been built or where road construction is unavoidable&#44; roadside restoration may help mitigate environmental damage and potentially reduce further clearing on adjacent land&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Altogether&#44; the restoration of roadsides in Brazil means putting to use an immense and readily available potential for carbon sequestration&#44; with other important environmental benefits&#46; Within and beyond Brazil itself&#44; restoration of these currently neglected lands may show to different stakeholders the potential financial and environmental benefits of land restoration&#44; and stimulate the development of restoration techniques and materials in regions where ecological restoration is incipient&#46; Impact of roadside restoration thus clearly should go beyond the land strips along the roads&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Contribution of roadsides to Brazil&#39;s restoration commitments"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Carbon storage potential of roadside restoration"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Benefits of roadside restoration beyond carbon"
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              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Implementation possibilities and perspectives"
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          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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          "identificador" => "xack392069"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-09-25"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-02-20"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Carbon sequestration"
            1 => "Conservation"
            2 => "Pollinator habitat"
            3 => "Restoration"
            4 => "Road ecology"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ambitious aims have been set for the ecological restoration of degraded land worldwide&#46; The first step to reach this goal is to identify suitable areas for restoration&#46; Here&#44; we advocate for the restoration of roadsides&#44; an often neglected landscape that is usually degraded&#46; Using Brazil as an example&#44; we calculate the potential of roadside restoration for carbon storage&#44; and discuss other additional positive environmental impacts&#46; We show that in Brazil more than 566 thousand hectares of roadsides along federal and state highways are potentially available for restoration&#46; This corresponds to a sequestration of up to 55&#46;3 million tons of carbon&#44; representing up to US&#36; 26&#46;5 billion in the carbon market&#46; Additional benefits would include erosion control&#44; prevention of landslides&#44; increased landscape value&#44; pollinator habitat provisioning&#44; and contribution to biodiversity conservation&#46; We push for roadside restoration for its many environmental benefits and other practical reasons&#58; roadsides in Brazil are governmentally owned&#44; reducing the needing for negotiations with stakeholders in proposed interventions&#46; Roadside restoration&#44; however&#44; is unlikely to re-establish predisturbance ecosystem conditions in all cases&#44; but it may significantly contribute to biodiversity conservation&#44; for instance&#44; by providing habitat and increasing ecological connectivity for specific taxa and biomes&#46; Thus&#44; the restoration of roadsides in Brazil represents an immense potential for carbon sequestration&#44; with other important environmental benefits&#46; Proper management is necessary&#44; and concrete strategies and goals in restoration planning will vary among different Brazilian biomes&#46; The restoration of these currently undervalued public lands can make the financial and environmental benefits of land restoration evident to stakeholders and thus stimulate ecological restoration&#46;</p></span>"
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    "highlights" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Highlights"
      "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The restoration of usually degraded roadsides is proposed&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thousands of hectares are readily available for restoration in Brazil&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This corresponds to US&#36; 26&#46;5 billion in the carbon market&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The restoration of these wasted public lands can stimulate ecological restoration&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Brazilian roadsides along paved highways are the scenario of many environmental problems&#46; &#40;a&#41; Area along MG-10 left alone for many years and later ill-restored with noxious weeds by the Department of Roads of the state of Minas Gerais &#40;DER-MG&#41;&#46; &#40;b&#41; Spread of ruderal and invasive species into pristine vegetation from highway MG-10&#46; &#40;c&#41; &#8220;Restoration&#8221; of highway MG-735 roadside in Minas Gerais &#40;DER-MG&#41; with exotic African grasses and other species&#46; &#40;d&#41; Use of roadside along highway GO-118 &#40;Brasilia-Alto Para&#237;so&#41; to expand the plantations of soybean and bean&#46; &#40;e&#41; Plantation of corn to the very edge of the RS-472 in Rio Grande do Sul state&#46; &#40;f&#41; Plantation of soybean and plantation&#47;invasion of pine trees along BR 290 in the Pampa&#44; Rio Grande do Sul state&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of paved state and federal roads within Brazilian biomes&#58; Amazonia forest&#44; Caatinga xeric shrubland&#44; Cerrado savanna&#44; Pantanal wetland&#44; Atlantic Forest&#44; and Pampa grassland&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Biome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jurisdiction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Area &#40;ha&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; in urban area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sequestered carbon &#40;ton&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimum carbon market value &#40;US&#36;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximum carbon market value &#40;US&#36;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimum Restoration cost &#40;US&#36;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximum restoration cost &#40;US&#36;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Amazon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Federal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#44;767&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;915&#44;155&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;022&#44;237&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;360&#44;913&#44;051&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;769&#44;455&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">171&#44;951&#44;782&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Amazon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">State&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#44;199&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;079&#44;887&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;959&#44;587&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;959&#44;706&#44;005&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;468&#44;759&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">142&#44;730&#44;784&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atlantic forest&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Federal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;926&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;289&#44;032&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34&#44;059&#44;784&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;461&#44;831&#44;740&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;436&#44;941&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">395&#44;173&#44;999&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atlantic forest&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">State&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">172&#44;332&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;849&#44;811&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">94&#44;782&#44;642&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;416&#44;526&#44;176&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;564&#44;430&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;099&#44;702&#44;702&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cerrado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Federal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56&#44;557&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;827&#44;852&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;368&#44;792&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;358&#44;311&#44;788&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;054&#44;080&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">378&#44;010&#44;355&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cerrado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">State&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118&#44;225&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;911&#44;276&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#44;674&#44;679&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;839&#44;383&#44;075&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;384&#44;178&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">790&#44;183&#44;974&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Caatinga&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Federal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#44;343&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">500&#44;147&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;833&#44;873&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">240&#44;237&#44;402&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;810&#44;533&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">199&#44;538&#44;746&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Caatinga&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">State&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&#44;686&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">970&#44;297&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;557&#44;759&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">466&#44;066&#44;447&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;512&#44;478&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">387&#44;110&#44;070&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pantanal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Federal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1334&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&#44;708&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">244&#44;597&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#44;042&#44;256&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">126&#44;079&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#44;403&#44;951&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pantanal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">State&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">660&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#44;002&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">121&#44;009&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;852&#44;239&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;374&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;641&#44;843&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pampa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Federal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;798&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">539&#44;944&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;979&#44;797&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">259&#44;353&#44;406&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">586&#44;379&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&#44;755&#44;110&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pampa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">State&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5748&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">287&#44;441&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;053&#44;951&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">138&#44;067&#44;608&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">312&#44;160&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#44;587&#44;273&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Total</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">585&#44;580&#46;11</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46;33</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">55&#44;270&#44;557&#46;67</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">202&#44;658&#44;711&#46;45</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">26&#44;548&#44;291&#44;199&#46;45</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">32&#44;087&#44;852&#46;97</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#44;709&#44;790&#44;594&#46;07</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Area in a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m for each side&#41; buffer along paved roads in each Brazilian biome&#44; estimated amount of sequestered carbon &#40;ton&#41; if the area was restored&#44; and carbon market value&#44; ranging from US&#36;1&#47;tCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>e to US&#36;131&#47;tCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>e &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">World Bank et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                            4 => "A&#46; Cliquet"
                            5 => "K&#46;L&#46; Erwin"
                            6 => "C&#46;M&#46; Finlayson"
                            7 => "R&#46;S&#46; de Groot"
                            8 => "E&#46;S&#46; Higgs"
                            9 => "R&#46;J&#46; Hobbs"
                            10 => "R&#46;R&#46; Robin Lewis"
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Baker et al&#46;&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass"
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                            2 => "Y&#46; Malhi"
                            3 => "S&#46; Almeida"
                            4 => "L&#46; Arroyo"
                            5 => "A&#46; Di Fiore"
                            6 => "T&#46; Erwin"
                            7 => "T&#46;J&#46; Killeen"
                            8 => "S&#46;G&#46; Laurance"
                            9 => "W&#46;F&#46; Laurance"
                            10 => "S&#46;L&#46; Lewis"
                            11 => "J&#46; Lloyd"
                            12 => "A&#46; Monteagudo"
                            13 => "D&#46;A&#46; Neill"
                            14 => "S&#46; Pati&#241;o"
                            15 => "N&#46;C&#46;A&#46; Pitman"
                            16 => "J&#46;N&#46;M&#46; Silva"
                            17 => "R&#46;V&#46; Mart&#237;nez"
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00751.x"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Glob&#46; Change Biol&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "545"
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Distribution of non-native invasive species and soil properties in proximity to paved roads and unpaved roads in a quartzitic mountainous grassland of southeastern Brazil &#40;rupestrian fields&#41;"
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                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "N&#46;P&#46;U&#46; Barbosa"
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                            2 => "M&#46;A&#46; Carneiro"
                            3 => "L&#46;A&#46; J&#250;nior"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10530-010-9767-y"
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                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3745"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3755"
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Research Letters
Restoring Brazil's road margins could help the country offset its CO2 emissions and comply with the Bonn and Paris Agreements
G.W. Fernandesa,
Corresponding author
gw.fernandes@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. Banhosb, N.P.U. Barbosaa, M. Barbosaa, H.G. Bergalloc, C.G. Loureiroa, G.E. Overbeckd, R. Solara, B.B.N. Strassburge, M.M. Valef
a Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
b Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
c Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
d Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
e Departamento de Geografia e Meio Ambiente, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
f Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Facing dire perspectives of biodiversity collapse&#44; loss of ecosystem services&#44; and the threat of climate change&#44; society is urging for sound strategies aiming at the long-term maintenance of the world&#39;s ecosystems&#46; Lack of governance on environmental issues&#44; increasing population consumerism&#44; and unfolding impacts on the natural resources are leading to unpredictable volatile effects on food production&#44; water resources&#44; and population health throughout the world &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330">Watson et al&#46;&#44; 2000&#59; Stocker et al&#46;&#44; 2013&#59; Novais et al&#46;&#44; 2016&#59; Ceballos et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Led by international agencies &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; UN&#41;&#44; many countries are now working on global agreements and strategies to mitigate and adapt to the challenges imposed by global change as a response to the aggravation of the environmental crisis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">Mace&#44; 2014&#59; Nimmo et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Szinwelski et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Commitments within such strategies are the Bonn Challenge &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.bonnchallenge.org/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;bonnchallenge&#46;org</a>&#41;&#44; whose aims include the restoration of 150 million hectares of the world&#39;s deforested and degraded land by 2020&#44; and the New York Declaration on Forests&#44; endorsed at the 2014 Climate Summit&#44; that aims to restore 350 million hectares by 2030&#46; While these initiatives are welcome and very relevant&#44; there has been a hot debate about where and how to run restoration initiatives &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">Veldman et al&#46;&#44; 2015a&#44;b&#59; Fernandes et al&#46;&#44; 2016a</a>&#41;&#46; For instance&#44; the recently proposed afforestation of grasslands and savannas can bring more problems than solutions in terms of carbon sequestration &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Berthrong et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; see also <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Deng et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; The introduction of trees where they have not been present historically can have disastrous impacts on local biodiversity and associated ecosystem services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Fernandes&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; these effects must be considered as restoration involves much more than simply planting trees&#46; Ultimately&#44; we must define the identity of the ecosystem in question in order to restore it with native species and bring back its biodiversity and ecosystem services &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235">Overbeck et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Kollmann et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this paper&#44; we advocate for a well conducted and scientifically oriented restoration of roadsides&#46; We define roadsides as the environment alongside paved roads&#44; which in Brazil generally comprises 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m on each side&#46; These areas have been completely neglected as a target for restoration&#44; despite their high potential&#46; Roadsides occupy a considerable area but are often degraded&#44; suffering from erosion&#44; covered by invasive species&#44; or even left in bare soil&#46; In some cases&#44; roadsides are illegally used for parking&#44; house construction&#44; and increasingly for food production&#46; The latter can have different forms&#44; depending on the socio-economic context of the region&#58; they may be used for small-scale farming&#44; often using slash and burn as the management strategy&#44; or simply be incorporated into adjacent agricultural areas&#46; The construction of paved roads and their management has many impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services around the world&#44; including wildlife kills&#44; the spread of wildfires and invasive species&#44; chemical and noise pollution&#44; erosion&#44; and watercourses siltation &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Ibisch et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a> for a recent review&#41;&#46; Even more importantly&#44; roads are a major facilitator of &#40;often uncontrolled&#41; deforestation&#44; especially in tropical countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Laurance et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; In the Brazilian Amazon&#44; for example&#44; 94&#37; of deforestation has occurred within 5&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km of a road &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Berber et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41; and represents a great threat to biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Vale et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In many countries&#44; road construction and maintenance lack the most basic concerns with conservation and impact mitigation&#46; In Brazil&#44; for instance&#44; although there are many state and federal regulations to reduce the environmental impact of roads&#44; there is practically no law enforcement by governmental agencies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Fernandes&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; This has led to an unsurprisingly high number of these same agencies allowing the use of noxious invasive species in the revegetation of disturbed roadsides &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Hil&#225;rio et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If scientifically guided and properly restored&#44; these areas could dramatically increase carbon sequestration as well as provide other ecosystem services&#46; These include control and prevention of erosion and landslides&#44; reduction of noise and chemical pollution&#44; containment of invasive species&#44; and conservation and enhancement of native biodiversity &#8211; for instance&#44; by providing habitat and by connecting natural ecosystems&#46; To illustrate and provide empirical support to our proposal&#44; we take a hypothetical scenario where all state and federal paved roads in Brazil would have their roadsides properly restored&#44; i&#46;e&#46; according to the native vegetation the roads cross through&#46; The Brazilian case is particularly interesting because the country has set a national commitment to restore 12 million hectares of land by 2030&#44; as part of the Bonn Challenge and the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Brazil iNDC&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; We argue that if roadsides were properly restored instead of being left degraded and unprotected&#44; they could help Brazil meet its carbon sequestration commitment and restoration goals&#44; while additionally contributing to the provisioning of ecosystem services and to the mitigation of a number of negative effects of roads on the environment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Material and methods</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierVi