• •

  Referencing conservation exclusively in the past is unrealistic, and limits adaptation to present and future ecological functioning.

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  Conservation in the Anthropocene should embrace complex nature-society interactions, including the role of new biodiversity.

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  Achieving sustainable futures requires to balance nature protection with economic growth.

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  The recent resurgence of deforestation in the Cerrado results from misguided policies and environmental negligence.

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  Lack of environmental and social safeguards is driving the biome toward an irreversible tipping point.

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  Licenses for vegetation clearance on private lands must carefully evaluate the ownership chain.

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  Agribusiness plays a key role in strengthening conservation efforts in the Cerrado.

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  A new economic model prioritizing environmental responsibility and social justice is urgently needed.

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  Brazil reached 2.8 Mha of native vegetation removal in 2022, the highest rate since 2008.

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  15.8 Mha of Legal Reserve areas need restoration in Brazil’s private rural properties, over half in the Amazon.

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  5.46 Mha of forest regrowth occurred in Brazil from 2016 to 2022, 40% in the Amazon and 36% in the Atlantic Forest biome.

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  Secondary forests in Brazil lack proper legislation to safeguard their carbon mitigation potential in the long-term.

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  Incentives to environmental payment, law enforcement, and legal framework needed for Brazil's 78 Mha surplus vegetation.

• •

  Claiming to save a biome threating another due to imprecise language is unreasonable.

• •

  There is a multisector neglect towards the Cerrado when compared to the Amazon.

• •

  “Savannization of the Amazon” refers to forest degradation instead of old-growth savanna.

• •

  The term “savannization of the Amazon” can forfeit natural savanna conservation.

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  The term “savannization of the Amazon” should be abandoned.

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  The Brazilian legislation on native seeds has bottlenecks and gaps that can be addressed based on international best practices.

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  Seed collection from nature should be discussed and standardized by environmental agencies to ensure it becomes a sustainable practice.

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  Seed quality is crucial for the success of ecological restoration, but it should not adhere to the standardization required for agricultural cultivars.

• •

  The commercialization of species mixtures for restoration, including directly harvested ones, should be facilitated to promote biodiversity.

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  The implementation of seed transfer zones is highly recommended to guarantee the resilience of restored ecosystems in the long term.

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  Mesocarnivores select habitats based on the risk perception communicated by larger carnivores' cues.

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  Manipulating risk signals can create perceptual traps and produce a landscape of fear, supporting mesocarnivore management.

• •

  Livestock guarding dogs' whole-body odor, reduce foxes’ visitation rates in scrublands habitats compared to unscented places.

• •

  We propose a new complementary management technique, amplifying livestock guarding dog effects.

• •

  High-altitude wetlands suitability will be reduced under future climate conditions.

• •

  Projected changes in temperature and precipitation will affect future distribution of wetlands.

• •

  Greater reductions in wetlands suitability are projected for elevations lower than 4,000 m.

• •

  Increases in wetlands suitability are projected for elevations higher than 4,200 m.

• •

  POPs concentrations in biological bat tissues in the Myotis in the USA decreased over the years since POPs were banned.

• •

  There is a paucity of studies on POPs in Neotropical bats.

• •

  Few studies were found on emerging POPs or on POPs recently included in the Stockholm Convention in bats.

Highlights – Peatlands in the Cerrado Beer et al.

• •

  Peatland distribution and extent in the Cerrado is yet underestimated.

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  Peatlands are part of Cerrado valley wetlands and occur with Veredas, wet grassland and riparian swamp forest vegetation.

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  Although soil carbon data on peatlands is lacking, they may store 13.3% of the Cerrado soil carbon on only 0.7% of its area.

• •

  Hydrological studies are needed to quantify the role of peatlands in the Cerrado.

• •

  Intensive agriculture, wood plantations and other land uses threaten Cerrado peatlands and other wetlands.

• •

  Biodiversity research in Brazil has claimed that the “Caatinga is poorly known”, including for well-known groups like birds.

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  Even if false, this narrative perpetuates nationwide biases and slows down regional research and conservation agendas.

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  We show that the Caatinga bird diversity is as well- or better known than most ecosystems in Brazil.

• •

  Biodiversity research in the Caatinga should stand as a model for many pressing ecological questions, such as climate change.

• •

  Bird species of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil are threatened and declining.

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  Declines can lead to decreased detectability and fewer observations.

• •

  We analyzed bird data from three citizen science platforms for 2000–2022.

• •

  The representation of threatened and Near Threatened species decreased through time.

• •

  We recommend future species-specific monitoring to fill survey gaps.

• •

  Priority conservation areas (PCA) were determined for Andean condors in Colombia.

• •

  Less than 30% of the PCA for condors are in protected areas.

• •

  Areas with Low, Medium, and High Human Footprint Index require different strategies for prioritization conservation Areas.

• •

  We propose an area-based roadmap to optimize Andean condor conservation in the northern Andes of South America.

• •

  Less than 1% of the Atlantic Forest spatial surface is well sampled for small rodents.

• •

  Most sampling sites are close to roads, urban centers.

• •

  Well-sampled sites are in larger fragments, and in landscapes with higher percentage of forest cover.

• •

  Knowledge of small mammal occurrence at a large-scale is spatially limited.

• •

  Sampling of small rodents in Atlantic Forest should prioritize small remote fragments, representing current common landscape conditions.

• •

  More than 182 bird taxa are specialized on the Amazonian floodplain habitats.

• •

  A database with more than 80 thousand records updated range maps for floodplain birds.

• •

  Analyses over updated range maps revealed 10 areas of endemism and 13 regions.

• •

  Amazonian major rivers are segmented into distinct areas of endemism.

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  Our regionalization represents a new background for further studies and conservation.