Landscape structure and instream features affect freshwater biodiversity at fine and large spatial scales.

Microcrustaceans have been favored by landscapes dominated by crops and pastures.

Landscape changes are favoring some biological groups which can lead to freshwater biotic homogenization.

The unsustainable expansion of agriculture and livestock activities are compromising freshwater biodiversity and water quality.

Brazilian Amazon offshore is potentially becoming a new frontier for oil exploration.

This contradicts national and global pledges to fight planetary crises.

Sub-national governments often rely on the consequent distribution of oil royalties.

We propose that this is replaced by a Green Royalty Fund of USD 19.9–33.1 billion.

Implementation would align with local and global biodiversity and climate pledges.

We synthesize knowledge on the impacts of climate change on Brazil’s biodiversity.

The greatest predicted impact is in the Pantanal, and the lowest in the Pampa.

There are still large knowledge gaps due to spatial and taxonomic biases in studies.

Paris Agreement could reduce impacts by 21% and cut extinction risk by half.

Minor differences exist between rural residents and environmental specialists regarding fire management priorities.

Both groups prioritize protecting water resources and biodiversity conservation.

Socioeconomic characteristics explain differences in fire management priorities.

Most environmental specialists agree that IFM should also apply to private areas.

Increasing forest cover slow down and decrease the number of sites reached by pest.

Sites have indirect connections to other sites by several alternative paths.

Spatial networks predicted the most susceptible sites in the landscape.

Forest cover control pest spreading through the agroecosystem.

Spatial networks are a powerful predictive tool to manage the spread of pests.

Amazon forest fragmentation shows an increase in fragments and reduction in size in three decades.

The Amazon's fragmentation trajectory shifts from Core to Connector to Background.

Central Amazon demands target conservation to avoid fragmentation like Eastern Amazon.

Secondary forest may be used to reverse fragmentation.

Fragmentation metrics and trajectory nourish conservation actions.

OECMs have recently been implemented in several countries, such as Colombia.

15% of Colombia's snakes geographical range are represented within PAs.

OECMs increase the representativeness of snakes and contribute to achieving conservation goals.

Most priority areas were concentrated in regions with potential OECMs.

OECMs complement the PAs, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity.

Growth rate of an Argentinian feral horse population stabilizes in association with puma recovery.

Foal survival was four times lower in presence of a predator.

The loss of foals allowed adult females to achieve better body condition.

Top predators may have positive implications for the management of feral herbivores.

This study is the first to document pumas as natural regulators of feral horse populations in South America.

Endemic species with restricted populations often lack data for urgent conservation actions.

Method, resource, and time limitations hinder data acquisition.

NDVI, distance sampling, and landscape ecology revealed Butia pubispatha distribution.

Our method succeeded, leading to the discovery of a new Butia pubispatha population.

Simultaneous modelling of multiple ecosystem services is a pressing but hard task.

Conceptual system maps formalise our understanding of multiple ecosystem services.

Network analyses identify key system drivers for targeted data collection.

Conceptual system maps should be revised regularly to reflect updated knowledge.