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    "titulo" => "Estimating occupancy and detection probability of the Amazonian manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus inunguis</span>&#41;&#44; in Central Amazon&#44; Brazil"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Understanding species distribution while identifying distinctive habitat components is crucial to elaborate effective management plans for endangered populations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Yoccoz et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Pollock et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Rushton et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; distribution and habitat use data can be highly demanding due to intense logistic effort and difficulties in detecting individuals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">Thompson&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">Sewell et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Castelblanco-Mart&#237;nez et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Gathering distribution data from fully aquatic mammals like sirenians is particularly challenging due to difficulties in detecting individuals at surface for scarce time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Amazonian manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus inunguis</span>&#41; is the only exclusively freshwater sirenian&#44; and endemic to the Amazon river Basin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Best&#44; 1984</a>&#41;&#46; Its movement and distribution are associated with the Amazon River&#8217;s flood pulse &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Junk and da Silva&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#44; moving out of river channels and floodplain lakes onto adjacent flooded forests with the seasonal rise of river waters&#44; and returning to deep-water and perennial lakes during the low river waters season &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; So far&#44; studies addressing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> distribution are scarce due the limitation of sampling methods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">Timm et al&#46;&#44; 1986</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">Reeves et al&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#46; Amazonian manatees are incredibly difficult to visually detect as they only briefly expose their snout when breathing at water surface&#46; Furthermore&#44; river turbidity associated with the animal&#8217;s dark skin color masks potential detections at subsurface &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Rosas&#44; 1994</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The species was extensively exploited&#44; particularly at the Purus River &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Pereira&#44; 1944</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Domning&#44; 1982</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Antunes et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; and has been under federal protection since 1967&#59; currently listed as &#8220;Vulnerable&#8221; to extinction in the National List of Brazilian Fauna &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">ICMBio&#44; 2018</a>&#41; and in the Red List by the International Union for Conservation Nature &#40;IUCN&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Still&#44; it is hunted for subsistence and illegal trade in popular Amazonian markets &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Franzini et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#44; suggesting a severe population decline over last decades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; studies about anthropogenic and environmental factors influencing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> occurrence are key to support much-needed conservation efforts in Brazil and throughout the species&#8217; occurrence range&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of environmental factors in sirenian distribution has been particularly explored for the American manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus manatus&#41;</span> and the dugong &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dugong dugon&#41;</span> using multiple sampling methods&#44; from satellite and GPS tracking &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">Sheppard et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41; to aerial surveys &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Marsh et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; For the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; manatus</span>&#44; distance to freshwater sources and depth variables are considered the most important to develop habitat models and support conservation strategies for this species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alves et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Landero et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Favero et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; For the Amazonian manatee&#44; availability of preferred food and aquatic space reduction and predator aggregation influence specie&#39; habitat selection &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; environmental factors influence not only the real distribution of individuals&#44; but also affect individual detectability probability associated with different methods over space and time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Mackenzie&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Luiselli&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; If unaccounted for&#44; variability in detection probability may mask significant biological processes leading to inadequate management decisions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Yoccoz et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Tyre et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Issaris et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current prevailing sampling methods are unable to detect all individuals occupying a study area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Royle and Nichols&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; variable detectability and missed detections must be accounted for during data analysis&#46; Nowadays&#44; imperfect detection has been incorporated into occupancy models based on maximum likelihood &#40;OMML&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#44; increasing precision and applicability of spatial distribution studies in wildlife management&#46; OMML models are a low-cost alternative for viable estimates of species population trends and wildlife monitoring &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Mackenzie and Kendall&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bailey et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Guillera-Arroita et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41; that has successfully been used to investigate for instance the status of river dolphins &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Bashir et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41; and dugongs&#8217; occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">D&#8217;Souza et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite its historical relevance to the Amazon&#8217;s ecosystem and people&#44; understanding how Amazonian manatees use habitats and identifying environmental and anthropogenic factors that affect their distribution in different scales has been a great challenge for the conservationists&#46; The present study aimed to determine which factors are the most important to estimating Amazonian manatee&#8217;s occupancy and detection probabilities&#46; Our hypotheses were&#58; &#40;1&#41; manatee occupancy is affected by proximity to the human settlements&#44; &#40;2&#41; manatee detection is driven by the depth of water body&#44; and &#40;3&#41; the combined use of methods improves the species&#8217; occupancy estimates&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Study area</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted in the Piaga&#231;u-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve &#40;hereafter PP-SDR&#41; &#40;4&#176;05&#8217;&#44; 5&#176;35&#8217;S and 61&#176;73&#8217;&#44; 63&#176;35&#8217;W&#41;&#44; located in the Purus River basin&#44; Brazilian Amazon &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The PP-SDR has an area of 834&#44;245 hectares with approximately 4000 residents&#44; who live in a traditional subsistence economy based on hunting and fishing that accompanies the Purus River&#8217;s flood pulse &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">IPI&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study region comprises two aquatic landscapes with marked differences&#46; At the edge of the floodplain&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes &#40;long&#44; narrow lakes formed by the partial submergence of a river valley&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; are embedded in upland environments with well-developed riparian vegetation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Antunes et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Its hydrological dynamics is strongly conditioned by the Purus river &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Irion et al&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; The floodplain environments &#40;locally known as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span>&#41; in PP-SDR include the main river channel&#44; connecting channels&#44; floodplain lakes and the flooded forest&#44; with a hydrological dynamic conditioned by Solim&#245;es and Purus rivers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Haugaasen and Peres&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PP-SDR&#8217;s provisory management plan includes different human-use zones defined in the Reserve&#8217;s management plan&#44; established to regulate the use of natural resources sustainably&#46; The Protection zone was created to preserve natural resources and prohibits any human activity beyond surveillance and research&#44; while the Use zone allows commercial fishing and subsistence activities for the resident&#8217;s livelihood &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">IPI&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; The region has intense fishery activities that supply the city of Manaus&#44; the largest fish consumer market in the Amazon &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Batista and Petrere&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Surveys</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amazonian manatee presence was recorded over repeated visits to 33 sampling sites &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; between August and November 2014 &#40;low-water season&#41;&#46; The study was carried out during the dry season because we expected the manatees not to be dispersed in the flooded forest&#44; and we could obtain a more accurate estimation about the importance of each one of the monitored sites for manatee survival&#46; Adittionally&#44; in the dry season&#44; the boundaries of the lakes are well-defined&#44; facilitating the selection of sampling points&#46; Sixteen sites were located in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> habitat&#44; 6 lakes of which were in Protection zone and 10 lakes in Use zone&#46; The remaining 17 sites were ponds in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake&#8217;s Use zone&#46; Sampling sites were randomly distributed in the study area to account for heterogeneity in the natural environment and the Reserve&#8217;s categories&#46; Sites were at least 3&#8239;km apart to avoid spatial autocorrelation&#46; Each site was visited once every three weeks over the data collection period&#44; totaling 44 days of manatee presence&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manatee surveys were conducted during daytime by two experienced observers &#40;the first author and a former manatee hunter&#41; from a wooden canoe with paddles&#46; Two sampling methods were used &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Aragones et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41; according to the local ecological knowledge about manatees&#46; The direct evidence method consisted of active visual search for individuals while following random navigation routes&#46; Each observer looked at the water naked eyed in opposite directions&#46; Sightings were registered when the manatee surfaced&#46; The indirect method consisted of following parallel transects from the margin to find indirect evidences of manatee presence according the skills and high identification experience of the local assistants &#40;fresh scars on aquatic vegetation and floating feces at the water surface&#41;&#44; and acoustic cues such as vocalizations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Sousa-Lima et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41; and&#47;or chewing sounds&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Kikuchi et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Simultaneously&#44; an omnidirectional hydrophone &#40;Ocean ear mini&#44; High Tech&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; EUA&#41; with frequency responses between 20&#8239;Hz&#8211;20&#8239;kHz was used during the parallel transects to detect manatee sounds <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in loco</span> based on the first author&#39;s previous experience with studies of the species in captivity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Kikuchi et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Manatee sound is particular and easily distinguished from that of other aquatic organisms&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the visits&#44; both methods &#40;active visual search and parallel transects&#41; were used for one hour at each sampling site&#44; without control of the travelled distance&#44; executed in absolute silence to avoid animal dispersion&#46; For every manatee detected&#44; sampling method was recorded along with date&#44; time and geographical position&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manatee occupancy was investigated using a maximum likelihood approach&#46; To test the effect of environmental variables on manatee detection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#44; species&#8217; probability of detection in a given location&#44; conditioned by its occupancy&#41;&#44; the following variables were used&#58; mean depth &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depth</span>&#41;&#59; mean water transparency &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Transp</span>&#41;&#59; perimeter of sample site &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peri</span>&#41;&#59; cover &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#41; and composition &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comp</span>&#41; of aquatic macrophytes at the margin&#59; weather condition &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clim</span>&#41; and river state &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">River</span>&#41; for each visit in the study site&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Predictive variables used to explain manatee occupancy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#44; species&#8217; probability of occupying a given location&#41; included non-linear distance to the nearest community &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom&#41;</span> and non-linear distance to the nearest protection zone &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span>&#41;&#44; both calculated as shortest distance between points&#46; These metrics were calculated in Quantum GIS software&#46; The categorical variable <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat</span>&#44; defined as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake&#44; was used to model occupancy and detection probabilities&#46; All variables were selected from literature &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To estimate manatee occupancy and detection probability&#44; a single-season occupancy model was used&#44; assuming a constant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> among sampling within sites&#46; Manatee records were converted into a binary matrix of detection &#40;1&#41; and no detection &#40;0&#41; for each visit&#46; Analysis was conducted in the PRESENCE 12&#46;1 software &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">MacKenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Hines&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Method comparison</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To compare detection probability for direct and indirect methods&#44; datasets were analyzed using an independent and combined approach &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Bailey et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mattfeldt and Grant&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In the independent approach&#44; detection probability was modelled as a function of habitat &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes&#41; and method &#40;direct or indirect&#41;&#44; while occupancy was kept constant &#40;model <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> &#91;&#46;&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#91;Habitat&#8239;&#43;&#8239;Method&#93;&#41;&#46; This approach was used to identify potential detectability biases associated with habitat and the sampling method &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mattfeldt and Grant&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In the combined approach&#44; detection probability was modelled combining datasets&#44; in which two or more recordings of the species&#44; in the same sampling area during a visit&#44; were considered a single detection in the presence&#47;absence matrix&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Amazonian manatee occupancy estimate and detection probability</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previously&#44; spearman correlation was used to test for significant correlation between variables&#46; Statistical analysis was done using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vegan</span> package in R software&#46; Continuous variables were z-normalized to standardize different metrics before modeling occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; A 2-step approach was used to model manatee occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Negr&#245;es et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Sarmento et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; In the first step&#44; occupancy was kept constant to test the effect of sampling variables on manatee detection probabilities &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#968;</span></span>&#91;&#46;&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#91;variable&#93;&#41;&#46; In the second step&#44; the best-fit model in step one&#8217;s was combined to the predictive variables of species occupancy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat&#44; DistCom</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; A null model &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> kept constant&#41;&#44; and a global model &#40;occupancy variables&#41; were also included in model comparison &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Burnham and Anderson&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; the best variable of detection in the first step was also considered affecting the occupancy&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Akaike&#8217;s Information Criteria &#40;AIC&#41; was used to select the best models&#46; Values &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AIC</span> &#8804;2 were used to select the model that better fit the data and their variables were considered the most important to estimate the species&#8217; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#46; The AIC weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;&#41;</span> was used to determine the relative importance of each variable in the model&#46; As no models obtained <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span> &#8239;&#8805;&#8239;0&#46;9&#44; final species occupancy was estimated by model averaging values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> coefficients of the predictive variables from selected models&#46; The 95&#37; confident intervals were analyzed to determine if those crossed zero &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Burnham and Anderson&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Efficiency of sampling methods in the manatee detection estimative</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; in 265&#8239;h of observations&#44; 91 manatee detections &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; were noted around the 33 sites&#46; Detection probabilities were estimated at 0&#46;33 &#40;SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41; and 0&#46;25 &#40;SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;04&#41; for the indirect and direct methods respectively&#44; using the independent approach&#46; Detection probability estimates obtained using the indirect sampling method were significantly higher in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;47&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;06&#41; than in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake habitat &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;21&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Following the same trend&#44; the detection probability estimate modelled using the direct sampling method was higher in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> than in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake&#46; Therefore&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> in both habitats would be better modelled by combining the presence datasets from both sampling methods &#40;combined approach&#41;&#46; This produced more substantial estimates of detection probability and improved model convergence&#46; As such&#44; the combined dataset was used from this point forward&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Amazonian manatee occupancy estimate and detection probability</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> was detected in 24 of the 33 sample sites&#44; totalizing an occupancy value &#40;na&#239;ve&#41; of 0&#46;72&#46; In the analysis&#8217; first step&#44; the best model included the variable macrophyte cover &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC&#8239;&#61;</span>&#8239;0&#46;87&#41; witch positively influenced manatee detection&#46; The second step&#8217;s most parsimonious model was &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span>&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#93;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> coefficient indicates a negative relationship between non-linear distance to the nearest community and manatee occupancy&#46; Also&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span> are negative correlated&#44; but no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span>&#46; Nonetheless&#44; six models with &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AIC</span>&#8239;&#8804;&#8239;2 showed a total AIC weight within 90&#37;&#46; As such&#44; manatee <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> was dependent on all variables contained in these models &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom&#44; DistProt&#44; Habitat</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#41;&#46; The second-best model &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span>&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#93;&#41; suggests a negative effect of distance to protection zones and manatee occupancy&#46; This is likely due to the negative correlation between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> &#40;rho&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;47&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; mainly influenced by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes sampling points &#40;rho&#8239;&#61;&#8239;-0&#46;92&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; where farther areas from communities showing the lesser protection zones&#46; In the second step&#44; although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat</span> was present in three of the six top models&#44; showing a AIC weight of 0&#46;34&#44; its importance to manatee occupancy remains unclear due to uncertainty around occupancy estimation&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No model alone had <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC</span>&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;0&#46;9&#46; Therefore&#44; manatee occupancy&#8217;s total value was calculated through model averaging&#46; Final occupancy estimates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;84&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;12&#41; represent an 17&#37; increase in the species&#8217; na&#239;ve occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The sum of weights &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC</span>&#41; from most parsimonious models was used to make inferences about the species&#8217; occupancy&#46; The sum of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC</span> among models with the variable macrophyte cover was 0&#46;84&#44; indicating a 84&#37; probability of it being the most important variable in predicting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis&#46;</span> Accordingly&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> coefficient estimate for macrophyte cover did not overlap zero &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The variable <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> presented the higher importance to manatee occupancy&#44; weighing 45&#37;&#46; Although the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> estimated by model averaging superimposed zero&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> influence <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span> showed a relative importance to influence the manatee occupancy&#46; However&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> coefficients overlapped zero&#44; indicating that these variables are not good predictors of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#46; Also&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> variable affecting the species&#39; occupancy corresponded only to the sixth best-model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Manatee&#8217;s occupancy estimation and detection probability</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amazonian manatee detection probability in the wild had never been previously estimated&#46; This study shows that the species was not always detected even though it could have been present in the sampling area&#46; Surprisingly&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> probability detection was high &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;50&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; despite cryptic species or with low population density usually being less likely detected &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Mackenzie and Royle&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Macrophyte coverage was highly relevant in manatee detection probability&#46; This variable reduced error associated with estimates and increased <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> in sampling areas where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> was more abundant&#46; It is beyond results here presented to directly explore the relationship between detection probability and population size&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depth</span> was not relevant to detect manatee presence&#46; Deeper sites are related to be the main factor affecting sightings and habitat use of Amazonian manatees in low-water season &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Rosas&#44; 1994</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; During this study&#44; the water level was significantly different between months &#40;Kruskall&#8211;Wallis H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;3&#44;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;132&#41;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;72&#46;337&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and above the expected level&#44; with the highest average recorded in August &#40;9&#46;8&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;6&#8239;m&#41; and the lowest in October &#40;5&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;6&#8239;m&#41;&#46; This phenomenon may have favored individuals&#8217; movement along all the region&#8217;s available habitats independently of depth&#46; Therefore&#44; a lack of relevance of depth to predict manatee detection observed here may be related to the study&#8217;s temporal extension&#46; It is possible that depth will have greater effect to predict manatee detection in years with more severe droughts&#44; or in larger temporal scales&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46; &#40;2010&#41;</a> using 10 radio-tagged male manatees&#44; showed a migratory route between a floodplain lake &#40;Mamirau&#225; Reserve&#41; and a ria Lake &#40;Aman&#227; Reserve&#41;&#44; in which the tracked animals did not remain in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> habitat during the dry season&#46; The authors suggests <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes as the main refuge for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> in the dry season&#46; However&#44; our results show that manatees are also occupying floodplain lakes during low water season in Piaga&#231;u-Purus Reserve&#46; Even with similar landscapes between the studies&#44; other effects such as the largest distance for the ria lake and appropriate conditions &#40;for example&#44; largest lakes and reduced risk posed by humans&#41; can maintain the animals in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> during dry season&#46; According the perception of former manatee hunters living in the Piaga&#231;u-Purus Reserve&#44; the species remains during all phases of the flood pulse in the floodplain lakes&#44; with individuals making short daily displacements between the main river channel and floodplain lakes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Out of 16 released and monitored manatees&#44; only 18&#37; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3&#41; moved to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake during the dry season &#40;Diogo Souza&#44; com&#46; pess&#46;&#44; 2020&#41;&#44; corroborating the local ecological knowledge of former manatee hunters &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final manatee occupancy value increased the estimated occupancy by 17&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;84&#41;&#44; suggesting an appropriate selection of the ecological variables and samples sites&#46; In this study&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> was used as indicator for anthropogenic disturbance caused by manatee hunting historical locations&#44; traffic of motorized vessels&#44; and commercial fishing&#46; Also&#44; game species occurrence and abundance tend to decrease with proximity to human settlements&#44; where hunting activities are generally concentrated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">Robinson and Bennett&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Peres and Nascimento&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; in contrast with previous sirenians studies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Lefebvre et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Miksis-Olds et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">D&#8217;Souza et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41; our results suggest that residents&#8217; activities did not affect manatee occupancy&#46; According to residents of PP-SDR&#44; rates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> hunting dropped in the last decades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#44; which could partially explain these scenarios&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From a broader perspective&#44; our results indicate that the best habitat for the Amazonian manatee includes important characteristics for the establishment of human communities&#46; For instance&#44; evidence strongly suggests that the acquisition of protein &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Gross&#44; 1975</a>&#41; and the availability of high-fertility land &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span>&#41;&#44; along with strategic occupation in areas with rich springs &#40;e&#46;g&#46; lakes and deep ponds&#41; are extremely important factors for the settlements of the Amazon&#8217;s inhabitants &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Meggers&#44; 1992</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Pantoja&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Cruz&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; high manatee occupancy closer to communities may be associated with these areas&#8217; greater connectivity to other water bodies&#44; as well as proximity to the Purus River&#8217;s main channel&#46; Occupying these areas benefits individuals by reducing geographic isolation and increasing potential mobility during the dry season&#44; therefore increasing manatee survival in severe drought events in the Amazon such as with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">El ni&#241;o</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Malhi et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lower probability of manatee occupancy within and around protection zones of PP-SDR corroborates the former local manatee hunters&#44; who reported absence or very low historical hunting events before the PP-SDR&#8217;s creation&#46; They also reported that manatee occupancy is less frequent in protection zones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; The model of aquatic zoning &#40;Protection and Use zones&#41; followed by Sustainable Development Reserves &#40;SDR&#41; is mainly based on the economic importance of fishing resource preservation&#46; Nevertheless&#44; it is still unclear if aquatic zoning of SDRs in the Amazonas state are effectively protecting the Amazonian manatee and other aquatic mammals&#46; Therefore&#44; studies addressing this issue must be conducted considering habitat characteristics&#44; species occupancy patterns&#44; local economic interest and ecological importance of species&#46; In the PP-SDR&#8217;s case&#44; more relevant areas should be considered in the Reserve&#8217;s management plan for the effective conservation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Efficiency of sampling methods to estimate Amazonian manatee&#8217;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span></span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sampling methods differ in their species detection effectiveness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bailey et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; The highest manatee detection probability by indirect method for both habitats may be related to the detection of accumulated feeding traces of the species in the wild&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">Timm et al&#46; &#40;1986&#41;</a> cited that feeding signals are easier to detect than direct <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> sightings&#46; Using the direct and indirect methods independently resulted in different detection and occupancy estimates for similar habitats&#46; This evidence reinforces the importance of including different sampling methods to avoid bias when estimating detection probability of elusive species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mattfeldt and Grant&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study demonstrated the efficacy of combining methods to investigate Amazonian manatee occupancy&#46; To detect the Amazonian manatee&#8217;s presence&#44; it is advisable to combine direct and indirect methods to minimize sampling errors and provide more accuracy to estimate the species&#8217; occupancy&#46; Searching for feeding traces in aquatic plants &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;42&#59; 73&#46;7&#37;&#41; is an effective indirect method to detect the Amazonian manatee&#8217;s presence&#46; In this study&#44; feces samples &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;9&#59; 15&#46;8&#37;&#41; and acoustic signals &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;6&#59; 10&#46;5&#37;&#41; were considerably inefficient&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study used simple and cost-effective methods to detect manatees&#44; based mainly on the skills of experienced former manatee hunters in identifying the presence of the animals using direct and indirect evidences&#46; Although new methodological approaches such as side-scan sonars &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Gonzalez-Socoloske et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Castelblanco-Mart&#237;nez et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#44; drones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Landeo-Yauri et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; and e-DNA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Hunter et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41; have emerged in the last decade with capability to study sirenians&#44; their efficiency and accuracy to detect Amazonian manatee is unknown&#46; These methods would be unsuitable and expensive as they require a longer term approach to train the team to use the equipment and analyze the field data&#46; The traditional methods used in this study are effective to detect Amazonian manatee&#44; having been successful to answer our research questions and enable the use of this low-cost methodology in Protected Areas in the Amazon under different financial support scenarios for manatee monitoring&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to studies reporting index of effort and abundance&#44; spatial and temporal sampling provide systematic data of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> presence&#47;absence which can be effectively analysed with occupancy models&#46; By including environmental variables that may influence manatee occupancy patterns and by sampling throughout the river&#8217;s flood pulse&#44; substantial inferences can be made to confirm detection changes over longer temporal scales&#46; In the future&#44; this kind of study may enable estimates of population recolonization rates and prediction of the species&#8217; local extinction events in PP-DSR&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Amazonian manatee conservation and management implications</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first study applying occupancy models for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> showing that aquatic macrophyte cover influences the species&#8217; detection&#46; This approach has promising applications to long-term population monitoring not only for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis&#44;</span> but for other Amazonian aquatic mammals as well&#46; It also contributes towards the ecological understanding of species by examining the relationships between distribution patterns and habitat characteristics&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite historical commercial exploitation that led to drastic reduction of the Amazonian manatee population in the Purus River &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Pereira&#44; 1944</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Domning&#44; 1982</a>&#41;&#44; the high detection and occupancy rates obtained in this study may suggest the species&#8217; recovery within the study area&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> population recovery after the PP-SDR&#8217;s creation was suggested by former manatee hunters interviewed in the area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; genetic studies throughout the Brazilian Amazon found evidence of the species&#8217; demographic expansion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Cantanhede et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Results that we found may not reflect the reality of other Protected Areas in the Amazon where zoning rules are not effectively respected&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Amazon&#44; SDR zoning plans have been important tools for biodiversity conservation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Arantes and Freitas&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Campos-Silva and Peres&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Campos-Silva et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; The creation of SDRs represents a governmental attempt to reconcile the resident human populations&#8217; living conditions with the use of resources and biological diversity maintenance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">MMA&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Peres&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; to reach this goal&#44; it is important to understand species&#8217; habitat use so that appropriate conservation strategies can be proposed&#46; Currently&#44; Amazonian manatee conservation is poorly included in management plans and aquatic zoning of reserves in the Amazon&#46; Knowledge about <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> occupancy in PP-SDR can support future management strategies&#44; such as the selection and delimitation of priority areas for the species&#8217; conservation&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our experience reinforced the importance of local participation during manatee monitoring&#44; particularly former hunters&#44; to ensure the high data quality to detect the species and also engaged local people for conservation studies&#46; Locals residents can provide valuable skills and knowledge in terms of the species&#8217; ecology&#44; and a vested interest in monitoring the species for future managing&#46; Several studies have shown that local people&#8217;s participation in monitoring projects can contribute in data collection and research design&#44; as well as to conservation actions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Castello&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">Vieira et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Campos-Silva et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; our results contribute to meso-scale monitoring projects in the Amazon and highlight the applicability of occupancy modelling for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span>&#46; Occupancy estimates here presented can be used as baselines to future monitoring studies in the region to assess the species&#8217; demographic trends&#46; Our data will also provide support for managers and local communities to establish protection and water-use regulations in areas occupied by manatees&#44; ensuring in the Reserve the effective conservation of this endangered species over time&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Author contributions</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DAS&#44; VMFS and EM conceived and designed the study&#46; DAS collected the field data&#46; DAS and ALSG compiled the database of available records and developed the hierarchical models and the spatial and statistical analyses&#46; All authors contributed in the analysis&#44; interpretation of results&#44; and manuscript writing&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Data availability statement</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors confirm that the data supporting this study&#8217;s findings are available within the article &#91;and&#47;or&#93; its supplementary materials&#46; Readers interested in other&#47;further material can request them from the corresponding author &#91;DAS&#93;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development &#40;CNPq&#41; under a Master course scholarship grant for <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">DAS</span>&#46; Financial support to the field work was also obtained from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Petrobras Socioambiental</span> &#40;Projeto Mam&#237;feros Aqu&#225;ticos da Amaz&#244;nia&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0015">Associa&#231;&#227;o Amigos do Peixe-boi</span> &#8211; AMPA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Competing interests statement</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Understanding the distribution and abundance of threatened species is crucial to elaborate effective management plans for wild populations&#59; however&#44; elusive species prove difficult to detect&#46; To support conservation strategies for the Vulnerable Amazonian manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus inunguis</span>&#41;&#44; the only freshwater sirenian&#44; we analyzed presence&#47;absence data with hierarchical models based on imperfect detection to assess <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> occupancy in a Sustainable Development Reserve&#44; Brazilian Central Amazon&#46; In parallel&#44; we compared the effectiveness of direct and indirect sampling methods to provide occupancy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#41; and detection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#41;</span> estimates&#46; Combining both sampling methods&#8217; presence datasets provided higher accuracy estimates&#46; The Amazonian manatee&#8217;s detection probability had never been estimated before&#58; surprisingly&#44; it was high &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;50&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41; and positively related with macrophyte coverage&#46; Results suggest that the studied communities resident impact is not affecting the manatee occupancy&#44; with greatest probabilities closer to human settlements&#46; The final occupancy estimate obtained &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;85&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;12&#41; can be a baseline to Amazonian manatee long-term monitoring studies&#44; and provide support for decision makers and local communities to establish effective protection zones for the species&#46; Our approach highlights the potential of hierarchical models to understand the distribution not only of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> in different habitats&#44; but also of other threatened Amazonian aquatic mammals&#46;</p></span>"
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      "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Direct&#47;indirect sample methods combined gave best occupancy&#47;detection estimates&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Detection probability was high and positively related with macrophyte coverage&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Final occupancy estimate can be baseline to Purus River long-term monitoring studies&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hierarchical model potential to know aquatic mammals distribution&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data support the selection of priority areas for the species&#8217; conservation&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sampling method &#40;Evidence&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Habitat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Active search &#40;Direct evidence&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parallel transect &#40;Indirect evidence&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;34</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;57</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of sightings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effort &#40;hours&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fresh scar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acoustic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effort &#40;hours&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total evidences per habitat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Floodplain lake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ria</span> lake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">132&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#58; Analysis considering the combination of direct and indirect methods&#46; K&#58; number of parameters&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#916;</span>AIC&#58; difference between AIC values of each model in relation to the model with lower AIC value&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span>AIC&#58; model weight&#59; Na&#239;ve&#58; gross occupancy&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#58; occupancy estimate&#59; p&#58;detection probability&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;Nearest distance to the community&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;Nearest distance to the protection zone&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;Type of habitats &#40;flooded forest &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span>&#8221; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;Macrophyte cover&#59; Bold values&#8239;&#61;&#8239;Final species occupancy&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#916;AIC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span>AIC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model-averaging&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;72</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;84</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;12</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;48</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;05</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2671415.png"
              ]
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model selection results&#46; Amazonian manatee occupancy was modelled as a function of occupancy variables &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#41; and the variable that better predicted detection probability &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> - Macrophyte cover&#41;&#46; Only the best fit models &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#916;</span>AIC&#8239;&#8804;&#8239;2&#41; were used to make inferences over biological significance of results&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0020"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42;Indicates the coefficients of the confidence intervals of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> that do not overlap with zero&#46; &#91;¿&#93; Indicates the coefficients of confidence intervals of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> that suggest a trend&#46; &#42;&#42;Analysis considering the combination of direct and indirect methods&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for distance of community&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>1&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for distance of the protection zone&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>2&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for habitat type&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>3&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for macrophyte coverage&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;beta coefficient value for macrophyte coverage in detection&#46; Values in square brackets are the 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B DistCom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> DistProt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> Habitat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> Cover&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> Cover&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;40 &#91;0&#46;47&#59; 2&#46;70&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;99 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;21&#59; 0&#46;003&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;87 &#91;0&#46;41&#59; 1&#46;40&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;84 &#91;0&#46;61&#59; 5&#46;83&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;10 &#91;&#8722;0&#46;11&#59; 4&#46;77&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;95 &#91;0&#46;49&#59; 1&#46;48&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;31 &#91;1&#46;72&#59; 6&#46;86&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;6&#46;37 &#91;&#8722;3&#46;13&#59; 0&#46;65&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;00 &#91;0&#46;54&#59; 1&#46;52&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;73 &#91;0&#46;86&#59; 8&#46;80&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;30 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;02&#59; 6&#46;90&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;36 &#91;&#8722;0&#46;71&#59; 5&#46;05&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;42&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;50 &#91;0&#46;51&#59; 5&#46;84&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;94 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;18&#59; 0&#46;002&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;33 &#91;&#8722;4&#46;36&#59; 0&#46;72&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;42&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;48 &#91;0&#46;50&#59; 2&#46;95&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;99 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;25&#59; 0&#46;12&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;28 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;42&#59; 0&#46;72&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;41&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;51 &#91;0&#46;51&#59; 3&#46;40&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;50 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;88&#59; 0&#46;47&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;93 &#91;0&#46;46&#59; 1&#46;46&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;76 &#91;0&#46;66&#59; 18&#46;25&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;5&#46;96 &#91;&#8722;25&#46;26&#59; 0&#46;79&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;50&#59; 1&#46;68&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;00 &#91;0&#46;54&#59; 1&#46;52&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;47 &#91;0&#46;47&#59; 6&#46;78&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;49 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;26&#59; 1&#46;14&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;79 &#91;&#8722;3&#46;22&#59; 15&#46;30&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;23 &#91;&#8722;9&#46;67&#59; 7&#46;19&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;46 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;08&#59; 2&#46;94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;85 &#91;0&#46;17&#59; 1&#46;51&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model averaging&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;70 &#91;0&#46;13&#59; 3&#46;27&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;98 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;03&#59; 0&#46;006&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;00 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;59&#59; 5&#46;61&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;63 &#91;&#8722;9&#46;57&#59; 6&#46;31&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;72&#59; 1&#46;45&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;92 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;41&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sum weights &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            3 => "M&#46; Marmontel"
                            4 => "A&#46;F&#46; Costa"
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                            2 => "C&#46;P&#46; de Deus"
                            3 => "R&#46; Mazurek"
                            4 => "E&#46; Venticinque"
                            5 => "L&#46;H&#46;R&#46; Py-Daniel"
                            6 => "J&#46;G&#46; Rabello Neto"
                            7 => "F&#46; Waldez"
                            8 => "F&#46; Tinto"
                            9 => "E&#46;V&#46; Muhlen"
                            10 => "B&#46; Marioni"
                            11 => "A&#46; Terra"
                            12 => "H&#46; Neto"
                            13 => "F&#46; Rohe"
                            14 => "A&#46;G&#46; Bucchini"
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                      "titulo" => "Empty forest or empty rivers&#63; A century of commercial hunting in Amazonia"
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                            5 => "F&#46; Rohe"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are especially thankful to riverine communities of Piaga&#231;u-Purus Reserve&#44; particularly the field assistants&#58; Jos&#233; Francisco&#44; Mario Jorge&#44; Roque de Souza and Tiarle Vidinha&#46; In addition&#44; we thank the Aquatic Mammals Laboratory of the National Institute for Amazonian Research &#40;INPA&#41; and Piaga&#231;u Institute &#40;IPI&#41; for their logistical support&#46; We appreciate comments by Julia Dombroski&#44; Kamilla de Souza and Marina Calder&#243;n in the early manuscript&#44; and Thais Shepard for the English revision&#46; We would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript&#46;</p>"
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Research Letters
Estimating occupancy and detection probability of the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), in Central Amazon, Brazil
Diogo Alexandre de Souzaa,b,
Corresponding author
diogo.peixeboi@gmail.com

Corresponding author at: Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
, André Luis Sousa Gonçalvesc, Eduardo Matheus von Muhlend,e, Vera Maria Ferreira da Silvaa,b
a Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
b Associação Amigos do Peixe-boi, Rua Jaú, 17, Balbina, 69736-000, Presidente Figueiredo, AM, Brazil
c Grupo de Pesquisa em Mamíferos Amazônicos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
d Instituto Piagaçu, Rua U2 Quadra Z, 8, Aleixo, 69060-095, Manaus, AM, Brazil
e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
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    "titulo" => "Estimating occupancy and detection probability of the Amazonian manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus inunguis</span>&#41;&#44; in Central Amazon&#44; Brazil"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Understanding species distribution while identifying distinctive habitat components is crucial to elaborate effective management plans for endangered populations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Yoccoz et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Pollock et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Rushton et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; distribution and habitat use data can be highly demanding due to intense logistic effort and difficulties in detecting individuals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">Thompson&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">Sewell et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Castelblanco-Mart&#237;nez et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Gathering distribution data from fully aquatic mammals like sirenians is particularly challenging due to difficulties in detecting individuals at surface for scarce time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Amazonian manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus inunguis</span>&#41; is the only exclusively freshwater sirenian&#44; and endemic to the Amazon river Basin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Best&#44; 1984</a>&#41;&#46; Its movement and distribution are associated with the Amazon River&#8217;s flood pulse &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Junk and da Silva&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#44; moving out of river channels and floodplain lakes onto adjacent flooded forests with the seasonal rise of river waters&#44; and returning to deep-water and perennial lakes during the low river waters season &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; So far&#44; studies addressing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> distribution are scarce due the limitation of sampling methods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">Timm et al&#46;&#44; 1986</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">Reeves et al&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#46; Amazonian manatees are incredibly difficult to visually detect as they only briefly expose their snout when breathing at water surface&#46; Furthermore&#44; river turbidity associated with the animal&#8217;s dark skin color masks potential detections at subsurface &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Rosas&#44; 1994</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The species was extensively exploited&#44; particularly at the Purus River &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Pereira&#44; 1944</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Domning&#44; 1982</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Antunes et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; and has been under federal protection since 1967&#59; currently listed as &#8220;Vulnerable&#8221; to extinction in the National List of Brazilian Fauna &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">ICMBio&#44; 2018</a>&#41; and in the Red List by the International Union for Conservation Nature &#40;IUCN&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Still&#44; it is hunted for subsistence and illegal trade in popular Amazonian markets &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Franzini et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#44; suggesting a severe population decline over last decades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; studies about anthropogenic and environmental factors influencing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> occurrence are key to support much-needed conservation efforts in Brazil and throughout the species&#8217; occurrence range&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of environmental factors in sirenian distribution has been particularly explored for the American manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus manatus&#41;</span> and the dugong &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dugong dugon&#41;</span> using multiple sampling methods&#44; from satellite and GPS tracking &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">Sheppard et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41; to aerial surveys &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Marsh et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; For the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; manatus</span>&#44; distance to freshwater sources and depth variables are considered the most important to develop habitat models and support conservation strategies for this species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Alves et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Landero et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Favero et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; For the Amazonian manatee&#44; availability of preferred food and aquatic space reduction and predator aggregation influence specie&#39; habitat selection &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; environmental factors influence not only the real distribution of individuals&#44; but also affect individual detectability probability associated with different methods over space and time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Mackenzie&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Luiselli&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; If unaccounted for&#44; variability in detection probability may mask significant biological processes leading to inadequate management decisions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Yoccoz et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Tyre et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Issaris et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current prevailing sampling methods are unable to detect all individuals occupying a study area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Royle and Nichols&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; variable detectability and missed detections must be accounted for during data analysis&#46; Nowadays&#44; imperfect detection has been incorporated into occupancy models based on maximum likelihood &#40;OMML&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#44; increasing precision and applicability of spatial distribution studies in wildlife management&#46; OMML models are a low-cost alternative for viable estimates of species population trends and wildlife monitoring &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Mackenzie and Kendall&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bailey et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Guillera-Arroita et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41; that has successfully been used to investigate for instance the status of river dolphins &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Bashir et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41; and dugongs&#8217; occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">D&#8217;Souza et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite its historical relevance to the Amazon&#8217;s ecosystem and people&#44; understanding how Amazonian manatees use habitats and identifying environmental and anthropogenic factors that affect their distribution in different scales has been a great challenge for the conservationists&#46; The present study aimed to determine which factors are the most important to estimating Amazonian manatee&#8217;s occupancy and detection probabilities&#46; Our hypotheses were&#58; &#40;1&#41; manatee occupancy is affected by proximity to the human settlements&#44; &#40;2&#41; manatee detection is driven by the depth of water body&#44; and &#40;3&#41; the combined use of methods improves the species&#8217; occupancy estimates&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Study area</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted in the Piaga&#231;u-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve &#40;hereafter PP-SDR&#41; &#40;4&#176;05&#8217;&#44; 5&#176;35&#8217;S and 61&#176;73&#8217;&#44; 63&#176;35&#8217;W&#41;&#44; located in the Purus River basin&#44; Brazilian Amazon &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The PP-SDR has an area of 834&#44;245 hectares with approximately 4000 residents&#44; who live in a traditional subsistence economy based on hunting and fishing that accompanies the Purus River&#8217;s flood pulse &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">IPI&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study region comprises two aquatic landscapes with marked differences&#46; At the edge of the floodplain&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes &#40;long&#44; narrow lakes formed by the partial submergence of a river valley&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; are embedded in upland environments with well-developed riparian vegetation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Antunes et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Its hydrological dynamics is strongly conditioned by the Purus river &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Irion et al&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; The floodplain environments &#40;locally known as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span>&#41; in PP-SDR include the main river channel&#44; connecting channels&#44; floodplain lakes and the flooded forest&#44; with a hydrological dynamic conditioned by Solim&#245;es and Purus rivers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Haugaasen and Peres&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PP-SDR&#8217;s provisory management plan includes different human-use zones defined in the Reserve&#8217;s management plan&#44; established to regulate the use of natural resources sustainably&#46; The Protection zone was created to preserve natural resources and prohibits any human activity beyond surveillance and research&#44; while the Use zone allows commercial fishing and subsistence activities for the resident&#8217;s livelihood &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">IPI&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; The region has intense fishery activities that supply the city of Manaus&#44; the largest fish consumer market in the Amazon &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Batista and Petrere&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Surveys</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amazonian manatee presence was recorded over repeated visits to 33 sampling sites &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; between August and November 2014 &#40;low-water season&#41;&#46; The study was carried out during the dry season because we expected the manatees not to be dispersed in the flooded forest&#44; and we could obtain a more accurate estimation about the importance of each one of the monitored sites for manatee survival&#46; Adittionally&#44; in the dry season&#44; the boundaries of the lakes are well-defined&#44; facilitating the selection of sampling points&#46; Sixteen sites were located in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> habitat&#44; 6 lakes of which were in Protection zone and 10 lakes in Use zone&#46; The remaining 17 sites were ponds in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake&#8217;s Use zone&#46; Sampling sites were randomly distributed in the study area to account for heterogeneity in the natural environment and the Reserve&#8217;s categories&#46; Sites were at least 3&#8239;km apart to avoid spatial autocorrelation&#46; Each site was visited once every three weeks over the data collection period&#44; totaling 44 days of manatee presence&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manatee surveys were conducted during daytime by two experienced observers &#40;the first author and a former manatee hunter&#41; from a wooden canoe with paddles&#46; Two sampling methods were used &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Aragones et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41; according to the local ecological knowledge about manatees&#46; The direct evidence method consisted of active visual search for individuals while following random navigation routes&#46; Each observer looked at the water naked eyed in opposite directions&#46; Sightings were registered when the manatee surfaced&#46; The indirect method consisted of following parallel transects from the margin to find indirect evidences of manatee presence according the skills and high identification experience of the local assistants &#40;fresh scars on aquatic vegetation and floating feces at the water surface&#41;&#44; and acoustic cues such as vocalizations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Sousa-Lima et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41; and&#47;or chewing sounds&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Kikuchi et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Simultaneously&#44; an omnidirectional hydrophone &#40;Ocean ear mini&#44; High Tech&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; EUA&#41; with frequency responses between 20&#8239;Hz&#8211;20&#8239;kHz was used during the parallel transects to detect manatee sounds <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in loco</span> based on the first author&#39;s previous experience with studies of the species in captivity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Kikuchi et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Manatee sound is particular and easily distinguished from that of other aquatic organisms&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the visits&#44; both methods &#40;active visual search and parallel transects&#41; were used for one hour at each sampling site&#44; without control of the travelled distance&#44; executed in absolute silence to avoid animal dispersion&#46; For every manatee detected&#44; sampling method was recorded along with date&#44; time and geographical position&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manatee occupancy was investigated using a maximum likelihood approach&#46; To test the effect of environmental variables on manatee detection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#44; species&#8217; probability of detection in a given location&#44; conditioned by its occupancy&#41;&#44; the following variables were used&#58; mean depth &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depth</span>&#41;&#59; mean water transparency &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Transp</span>&#41;&#59; perimeter of sample site &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peri</span>&#41;&#59; cover &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#41; and composition &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comp</span>&#41; of aquatic macrophytes at the margin&#59; weather condition &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clim</span>&#41; and river state &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">River</span>&#41; for each visit in the study site&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Predictive variables used to explain manatee occupancy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#44; species&#8217; probability of occupying a given location&#41; included non-linear distance to the nearest community &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom&#41;</span> and non-linear distance to the nearest protection zone &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span>&#41;&#44; both calculated as shortest distance between points&#46; These metrics were calculated in Quantum GIS software&#46; The categorical variable <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat</span>&#44; defined as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake&#44; was used to model occupancy and detection probabilities&#46; All variables were selected from literature &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To estimate manatee occupancy and detection probability&#44; a single-season occupancy model was used&#44; assuming a constant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> among sampling within sites&#46; Manatee records were converted into a binary matrix of detection &#40;1&#41; and no detection &#40;0&#41; for each visit&#46; Analysis was conducted in the PRESENCE 12&#46;1 software &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">MacKenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Hines&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Method comparison</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To compare detection probability for direct and indirect methods&#44; datasets were analyzed using an independent and combined approach &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Bailey et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mattfeldt and Grant&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In the independent approach&#44; detection probability was modelled as a function of habitat &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes&#41; and method &#40;direct or indirect&#41;&#44; while occupancy was kept constant &#40;model <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> &#91;&#46;&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#91;Habitat&#8239;&#43;&#8239;Method&#93;&#41;&#46; This approach was used to identify potential detectability biases associated with habitat and the sampling method &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mattfeldt and Grant&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In the combined approach&#44; detection probability was modelled combining datasets&#44; in which two or more recordings of the species&#44; in the same sampling area during a visit&#44; were considered a single detection in the presence&#47;absence matrix&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Amazonian manatee occupancy estimate and detection probability</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previously&#44; spearman correlation was used to test for significant correlation between variables&#46; Statistical analysis was done using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vegan</span> package in R software&#46; Continuous variables were z-normalized to standardize different metrics before modeling occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; A 2-step approach was used to model manatee occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Negr&#245;es et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Sarmento et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; In the first step&#44; occupancy was kept constant to test the effect of sampling variables on manatee detection probabilities &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#968;</span></span>&#91;&#46;&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#91;variable&#93;&#41;&#46; In the second step&#44; the best-fit model in step one&#8217;s was combined to the predictive variables of species occupancy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat&#44; DistCom</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; A null model &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> kept constant&#41;&#44; and a global model &#40;occupancy variables&#41; were also included in model comparison &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Burnham and Anderson&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; the best variable of detection in the first step was also considered affecting the occupancy&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Akaike&#8217;s Information Criteria &#40;AIC&#41; was used to select the best models&#46; Values &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AIC</span> &#8804;2 were used to select the model that better fit the data and their variables were considered the most important to estimate the species&#8217; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#46; The AIC weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;&#41;</span> was used to determine the relative importance of each variable in the model&#46; As no models obtained <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span> &#8239;&#8805;&#8239;0&#46;9&#44; final species occupancy was estimated by model averaging values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> coefficients of the predictive variables from selected models&#46; The 95&#37; confident intervals were analyzed to determine if those crossed zero &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Burnham and Anderson&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Efficiency of sampling methods in the manatee detection estimative</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; in 265&#8239;h of observations&#44; 91 manatee detections &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; were noted around the 33 sites&#46; Detection probabilities were estimated at 0&#46;33 &#40;SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41; and 0&#46;25 &#40;SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;04&#41; for the indirect and direct methods respectively&#44; using the independent approach&#46; Detection probability estimates obtained using the indirect sampling method were significantly higher in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;47&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;06&#41; than in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake habitat &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;21&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Following the same trend&#44; the detection probability estimate modelled using the direct sampling method was higher in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> than in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake&#46; Therefore&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> in both habitats would be better modelled by combining the presence datasets from both sampling methods &#40;combined approach&#41;&#46; This produced more substantial estimates of detection probability and improved model convergence&#46; As such&#44; the combined dataset was used from this point forward&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Amazonian manatee occupancy estimate and detection probability</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> was detected in 24 of the 33 sample sites&#44; totalizing an occupancy value &#40;na&#239;ve&#41; of 0&#46;72&#46; In the analysis&#8217; first step&#44; the best model included the variable macrophyte cover &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC&#8239;&#61;</span>&#8239;0&#46;87&#41; witch positively influenced manatee detection&#46; The second step&#8217;s most parsimonious model was &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span>&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#93;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> coefficient indicates a negative relationship between non-linear distance to the nearest community and manatee occupancy&#46; Also&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span> are negative correlated&#44; but no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span>&#46; Nonetheless&#44; six models with &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AIC</span>&#8239;&#8804;&#8239;2 showed a total AIC weight within 90&#37;&#46; As such&#44; manatee <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> was dependent on all variables contained in these models &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom&#44; DistProt&#44; Habitat</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#41;&#46; The second-best model &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span>&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span>&#93;&#41; suggests a negative effect of distance to protection zones and manatee occupancy&#46; This is likely due to the negative correlation between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> &#40;rho&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;47&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; mainly influenced by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes sampling points &#40;rho&#8239;&#61;&#8239;-0&#46;92&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; where farther areas from communities showing the lesser protection zones&#46; In the second step&#44; although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat</span> was present in three of the six top models&#44; showing a AIC weight of 0&#46;34&#44; its importance to manatee occupancy remains unclear due to uncertainty around occupancy estimation&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No model alone had <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC</span>&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;0&#46;9&#46; Therefore&#44; manatee occupancy&#8217;s total value was calculated through model averaging&#46; Final occupancy estimates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;84&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;12&#41; represent an 17&#37; increase in the species&#8217; na&#239;ve occupancy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The sum of weights &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC</span>&#41; from most parsimonious models was used to make inferences about the species&#8217; occupancy&#46; The sum of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;AIC</span> among models with the variable macrophyte cover was 0&#46;84&#44; indicating a 84&#37; probability of it being the most important variable in predicting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis&#46;</span> Accordingly&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> coefficient estimate for macrophyte cover did not overlap zero &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The variable <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> presented the higher importance to manatee occupancy&#44; weighing 45&#37;&#46; Although the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> estimated by model averaging superimposed zero&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> influence <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistProt</span> showed a relative importance to influence the manatee occupancy&#46; However&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> coefficients overlapped zero&#44; indicating that these variables are not good predictors of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#46; Also&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> variable affecting the species&#39; occupancy corresponded only to the sixth best-model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Manatee&#8217;s occupancy estimation and detection probability</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amazonian manatee detection probability in the wild had never been previously estimated&#46; This study shows that the species was not always detected even though it could have been present in the sampling area&#46; Surprisingly&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> probability detection was high &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;50&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; despite cryptic species or with low population density usually being less likely detected &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Mackenzie et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Mackenzie and Royle&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Macrophyte coverage was highly relevant in manatee detection probability&#46; This variable reduced error associated with estimates and increased <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> in sampling areas where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cover</span> was more abundant&#46; It is beyond results here presented to directly explore the relationship between detection probability and population size&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Depth</span> was not relevant to detect manatee presence&#46; Deeper sites are related to be the main factor affecting sightings and habitat use of Amazonian manatees in low-water season &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Rosas&#44; 1994</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; During this study&#44; the water level was significantly different between months &#40;Kruskall&#8211;Wallis H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#40;3&#44;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;132&#41;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;72&#46;337&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and above the expected level&#44; with the highest average recorded in August &#40;9&#46;8&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;6&#8239;m&#41; and the lowest in October &#40;5&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;6&#8239;m&#41;&#46; This phenomenon may have favored individuals&#8217; movement along all the region&#8217;s available habitats independently of depth&#46; Therefore&#44; a lack of relevance of depth to predict manatee detection observed here may be related to the study&#8217;s temporal extension&#46; It is possible that depth will have greater effect to predict manatee detection in years with more severe droughts&#44; or in larger temporal scales&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Arraut et al&#46; &#40;2010&#41;</a> using 10 radio-tagged male manatees&#44; showed a migratory route between a floodplain lake &#40;Mamirau&#225; Reserve&#41; and a ria Lake &#40;Aman&#227; Reserve&#41;&#44; in which the tracked animals did not remain in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> habitat during the dry season&#46; The authors suggests <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lakes as the main refuge for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> in the dry season&#46; However&#44; our results show that manatees are also occupying floodplain lakes during low water season in Piaga&#231;u-Purus Reserve&#46; Even with similar landscapes between the studies&#44; other effects such as the largest distance for the ria lake and appropriate conditions &#40;for example&#44; largest lakes and reduced risk posed by humans&#41; can maintain the animals in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span> during dry season&#46; According the perception of former manatee hunters living in the Piaga&#231;u-Purus Reserve&#44; the species remains during all phases of the flood pulse in the floodplain lakes&#44; with individuals making short daily displacements between the main river channel and floodplain lakes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Out of 16 released and monitored manatees&#44; only 18&#37; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3&#41; moved to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake during the dry season &#40;Diogo Souza&#44; com&#46; pess&#46;&#44; 2020&#41;&#44; corroborating the local ecological knowledge of former manatee hunters &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final manatee occupancy value increased the estimated occupancy by 17&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;84&#41;&#44; suggesting an appropriate selection of the ecological variables and samples sites&#46; In this study&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DistCom</span> was used as indicator for anthropogenic disturbance caused by manatee hunting historical locations&#44; traffic of motorized vessels&#44; and commercial fishing&#46; Also&#44; game species occurrence and abundance tend to decrease with proximity to human settlements&#44; where hunting activities are generally concentrated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">Robinson and Bennett&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Peres and Nascimento&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; in contrast with previous sirenians studies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Lefebvre et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Miksis-Olds et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">D&#8217;Souza et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41; our results suggest that residents&#8217; activities did not affect manatee occupancy&#46; According to residents of PP-SDR&#44; rates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> hunting dropped in the last decades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#44; which could partially explain these scenarios&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From a broader perspective&#44; our results indicate that the best habitat for the Amazonian manatee includes important characteristics for the establishment of human communities&#46; For instance&#44; evidence strongly suggests that the acquisition of protein &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Gross&#44; 1975</a>&#41; and the availability of high-fertility land &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzea</span>&#41;&#44; along with strategic occupation in areas with rich springs &#40;e&#46;g&#46; lakes and deep ponds&#41; are extremely important factors for the settlements of the Amazon&#8217;s inhabitants &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Meggers&#44; 1992</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Pantoja&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Cruz&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; high manatee occupancy closer to communities may be associated with these areas&#8217; greater connectivity to other water bodies&#44; as well as proximity to the Purus River&#8217;s main channel&#46; Occupying these areas benefits individuals by reducing geographic isolation and increasing potential mobility during the dry season&#44; therefore increasing manatee survival in severe drought events in the Amazon such as with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">El ni&#241;o</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Malhi et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Marmontel et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lower probability of manatee occupancy within and around protection zones of PP-SDR corroborates the former local manatee hunters&#44; who reported absence or very low historical hunting events before the PP-SDR&#8217;s creation&#46; They also reported that manatee occupancy is less frequent in protection zones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; The model of aquatic zoning &#40;Protection and Use zones&#41; followed by Sustainable Development Reserves &#40;SDR&#41; is mainly based on the economic importance of fishing resource preservation&#46; Nevertheless&#44; it is still unclear if aquatic zoning of SDRs in the Amazonas state are effectively protecting the Amazonian manatee and other aquatic mammals&#46; Therefore&#44; studies addressing this issue must be conducted considering habitat characteristics&#44; species occupancy patterns&#44; local economic interest and ecological importance of species&#46; In the PP-SDR&#8217;s case&#44; more relevant areas should be considered in the Reserve&#8217;s management plan for the effective conservation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Efficiency of sampling methods to estimate Amazonian manatee&#8217;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span></span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sampling methods differ in their species detection effectiveness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Bailey et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; The highest manatee detection probability by indirect method for both habitats may be related to the detection of accumulated feeding traces of the species in the wild&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">Timm et al&#46; &#40;1986&#41;</a> cited that feeding signals are easier to detect than direct <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> sightings&#46; Using the direct and indirect methods independently resulted in different detection and occupancy estimates for similar habitats&#46; This evidence reinforces the importance of including different sampling methods to avoid bias when estimating detection probability of elusive species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mattfeldt and Grant&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study demonstrated the efficacy of combining methods to investigate Amazonian manatee occupancy&#46; To detect the Amazonian manatee&#8217;s presence&#44; it is advisable to combine direct and indirect methods to minimize sampling errors and provide more accuracy to estimate the species&#8217; occupancy&#46; Searching for feeding traces in aquatic plants &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;42&#59; 73&#46;7&#37;&#41; is an effective indirect method to detect the Amazonian manatee&#8217;s presence&#46; In this study&#44; feces samples &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;9&#59; 15&#46;8&#37;&#41; and acoustic signals &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;6&#59; 10&#46;5&#37;&#41; were considerably inefficient&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study used simple and cost-effective methods to detect manatees&#44; based mainly on the skills of experienced former manatee hunters in identifying the presence of the animals using direct and indirect evidences&#46; Although new methodological approaches such as side-scan sonars &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Gonzalez-Socoloske et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Castelblanco-Mart&#237;nez et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#44; drones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Landeo-Yauri et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; and e-DNA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Hunter et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41; have emerged in the last decade with capability to study sirenians&#44; their efficiency and accuracy to detect Amazonian manatee is unknown&#46; These methods would be unsuitable and expensive as they require a longer term approach to train the team to use the equipment and analyze the field data&#46; The traditional methods used in this study are effective to detect Amazonian manatee&#44; having been successful to answer our research questions and enable the use of this low-cost methodology in Protected Areas in the Amazon under different financial support scenarios for manatee monitoring&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to studies reporting index of effort and abundance&#44; spatial and temporal sampling provide systematic data of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> presence&#47;absence which can be effectively analysed with occupancy models&#46; By including environmental variables that may influence manatee occupancy patterns and by sampling throughout the river&#8217;s flood pulse&#44; substantial inferences can be made to confirm detection changes over longer temporal scales&#46; In the future&#44; this kind of study may enable estimates of population recolonization rates and prediction of the species&#8217; local extinction events in PP-DSR&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Amazonian manatee conservation and management implications</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first study applying occupancy models for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> showing that aquatic macrophyte cover influences the species&#8217; detection&#46; This approach has promising applications to long-term population monitoring not only for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis&#44;</span> but for other Amazonian aquatic mammals as well&#46; It also contributes towards the ecological understanding of species by examining the relationships between distribution patterns and habitat characteristics&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite historical commercial exploitation that led to drastic reduction of the Amazonian manatee population in the Purus River &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Pereira&#44; 1944</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Domning&#44; 1982</a>&#41;&#44; the high detection and occupancy rates obtained in this study may suggest the species&#8217; recovery within the study area&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> population recovery after the PP-SDR&#8217;s creation was suggested by former manatee hunters interviewed in the area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Souza&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; genetic studies throughout the Brazilian Amazon found evidence of the species&#8217; demographic expansion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Cantanhede et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Results that we found may not reflect the reality of other Protected Areas in the Amazon where zoning rules are not effectively respected&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Amazon&#44; SDR zoning plans have been important tools for biodiversity conservation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Arantes and Freitas&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Campos-Silva and Peres&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Campos-Silva et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; The creation of SDRs represents a governmental attempt to reconcile the resident human populations&#8217; living conditions with the use of resources and biological diversity maintenance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">MMA&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Peres&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; to reach this goal&#44; it is important to understand species&#8217; habitat use so that appropriate conservation strategies can be proposed&#46; Currently&#44; Amazonian manatee conservation is poorly included in management plans and aquatic zoning of reserves in the Amazon&#46; Knowledge about <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> occupancy in PP-SDR can support future management strategies&#44; such as the selection and delimitation of priority areas for the species&#8217; conservation&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our experience reinforced the importance of local participation during manatee monitoring&#44; particularly former hunters&#44; to ensure the high data quality to detect the species and also engaged local people for conservation studies&#46; Locals residents can provide valuable skills and knowledge in terms of the species&#8217; ecology&#44; and a vested interest in monitoring the species for future managing&#46; Several studies have shown that local people&#8217;s participation in monitoring projects can contribute in data collection and research design&#44; as well as to conservation actions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Castello&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">Vieira et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Campos-Silva et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; our results contribute to meso-scale monitoring projects in the Amazon and highlight the applicability of occupancy modelling for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span>&#46; Occupancy estimates here presented can be used as baselines to future monitoring studies in the region to assess the species&#8217; demographic trends&#46; Our data will also provide support for managers and local communities to establish protection and water-use regulations in areas occupied by manatees&#44; ensuring in the Reserve the effective conservation of this endangered species over time&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Author contributions</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DAS&#44; VMFS and EM conceived and designed the study&#46; DAS collected the field data&#46; DAS and ALSG compiled the database of available records and developed the hierarchical models and the spatial and statistical analyses&#46; All authors contributed in the analysis&#44; interpretation of results&#44; and manuscript writing&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Data availability statement</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors confirm that the data supporting this study&#8217;s findings are available within the article &#91;and&#47;or&#93; its supplementary materials&#46; Readers interested in other&#47;further material can request them from the corresponding author &#91;DAS&#93;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development &#40;CNPq&#41; under a Master course scholarship grant for <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">DAS</span>&#46; Financial support to the field work was also obtained from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Petrobras Socioambiental</span> &#40;Projeto Mam&#237;feros Aqu&#225;ticos da Amaz&#244;nia&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0015">Associa&#231;&#227;o Amigos do Peixe-boi</span> &#8211; AMPA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Competing interests statement</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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              "titulo" => "Amazonian manatee occupancy estimate and detection probability"
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              "titulo" => "Efficiency of sampling methods in the manatee detection estimative"
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              "titulo" => "Amazonian manatee occupancy estimate and detection probability"
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              "titulo" => "Manatee&#8217;s occupancy estimation and detection probability"
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              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Efficiency of sampling methods to estimate Amazonian manatee&#8217;s &#968; and p"
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              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Amazonian manatee conservation and management implications"
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          "titulo" => "Author contributions"
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          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-09-07"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-03-25"
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            0 => "Endangered species"
            1 => "Habitat use"
            2 => "Management plan"
            3 => "Protected area"
            4 => "Sirenian"
            5 => "Species distribution"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Understanding the distribution and abundance of threatened species is crucial to elaborate effective management plans for wild populations&#59; however&#44; elusive species prove difficult to detect&#46; To support conservation strategies for the Vulnerable Amazonian manatee &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichechus inunguis</span>&#41;&#44; the only freshwater sirenian&#44; we analyzed presence&#47;absence data with hierarchical models based on imperfect detection to assess <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> occupancy in a Sustainable Development Reserve&#44; Brazilian Central Amazon&#46; In parallel&#44; we compared the effectiveness of direct and indirect sampling methods to provide occupancy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#41; and detection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#41;</span> estimates&#46; Combining both sampling methods&#8217; presence datasets provided higher accuracy estimates&#46; The Amazonian manatee&#8217;s detection probability had never been estimated before&#58; surprisingly&#44; it was high &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;50&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41; and positively related with macrophyte coverage&#46; Results suggest that the studied communities resident impact is not affecting the manatee occupancy&#44; with greatest probabilities closer to human settlements&#46; The final occupancy estimate obtained &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#968;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;85&#44; SD&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;12&#41; can be a baseline to Amazonian manatee long-term monitoring studies&#44; and provide support for decision makers and local communities to establish effective protection zones for the species&#46; Our approach highlights the potential of hierarchical models to understand the distribution not only of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inunguis</span> in different habitats&#44; but also of other threatened Amazonian aquatic mammals&#46;</p></span>"
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      "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Direct&#47;indirect sample methods combined gave best occupancy&#47;detection estimates&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Detection probability was high and positively related with macrophyte coverage&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Final occupancy estimate can be baseline to Purus River long-term monitoring studies&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hierarchical model potential to know aquatic mammals distribution&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data support the selection of priority areas for the species&#8217; conservation&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are Supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0055"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0060"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0065"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
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            "identificador" => "sec0100"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Map of the study area at the Piaga&#231;u-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve&#46; Circles indicate sampling sites &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;33&#41; at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v&#225;rzeas</span> &#40;upper right corner&#41; and at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ria</span> lake habitats &#40;lower left corner&#41;&#46; Triangles indicate the nearest communities in the sampling area&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Habitat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;34</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;57</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of sightings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total evidences per habitat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Floodplain lake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ria</span> lake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42;Indicates the coefficients of the confidence intervals of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> that do not overlap with zero&#46; &#91;¿&#93; Indicates the coefficients of confidence intervals of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> that suggest a trend&#46; &#42;&#42;Analysis considering the combination of direct and indirect methods&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for distance of community&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>1&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for distance of the protection zone&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>2&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for habitat type&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>3&#8239;&#61;&#8239;value of beta coefficient for macrophyte coverage&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;beta coefficient value for macrophyte coverage in detection&#46; Values in square brackets are the 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;87 &#91;0&#46;41&#59; 1&#46;40&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;84 &#91;0&#46;61&#59; 5&#46;83&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;10 &#91;&#8722;0&#46;11&#59; 4&#46;77&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;95 &#91;0&#46;49&#59; 1&#46;48&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;31 &#91;1&#46;72&#59; 6&#46;86&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;6&#46;37 &#91;&#8722;3&#46;13&#59; 0&#46;65&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;00 &#91;0&#46;54&#59; 1&#46;52&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;73 &#91;0&#46;86&#59; 8&#46;80&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;30 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;02&#59; 6&#46;90&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;36 &#91;&#8722;0&#46;71&#59; 5&#46;05&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;42&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;50 &#91;0&#46;51&#59; 5&#46;84&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;94 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;18&#59; 0&#46;002&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;33 &#91;&#8722;4&#46;36&#59; 0&#46;72&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;42&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;48 &#91;0&#46;50&#59; 2&#46;95&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;99 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;25&#59; 0&#46;12&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;28 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;42&#59; 0&#46;72&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;41&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;51 &#91;0&#46;51&#59; 3&#46;40&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;50 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;88&#59; 0&#46;47&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;93 &#91;0&#46;46&#59; 1&#46;46&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;76 &#91;0&#46;66&#59; 18&#46;25&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;5&#46;96 &#91;&#8722;25&#46;26&#59; 0&#46;79&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;50&#59; 1&#46;68&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;00 &#91;0&#46;54&#59; 1&#46;52&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;47 &#91;0&#46;47&#59; 6&#46;78&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;49 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;26&#59; 1&#46;14&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;79 &#91;&#8722;3&#46;22&#59; 15&#46;30&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;23 &#91;&#8722;9&#46;67&#59; 7&#46;19&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;46 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;08&#59; 2&#46;94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;85 &#91;0&#46;17&#59; 1&#46;51&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Model averaging&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;70 &#91;0&#46;13&#59; 3&#46;27&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;98 &#91;&#8722;2&#46;03&#59; 0&#46;006&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;00 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;59&#59; 5&#46;61&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;63 &#91;&#8722;9&#46;57&#59; 6&#46;31&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34 &#91;&#8722;1&#46;72&#59; 1&#46;45&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;92 &#91;0&#46;42&#59; 1&#46;41&#93;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sum weights &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are especially thankful to riverine communities of Piaga&#231;u-Purus Reserve&#44; particularly the field assistants&#58; Jos&#233; Francisco&#44; Mario Jorge&#44; Roque de Souza and Tiarle Vidinha&#46; In addition&#44; we thank the Aquatic Mammals Laboratory of the National Institute for Amazonian Research &#40;INPA&#41; and Piaga&#231;u Institute &#40;IPI&#41; for their logistical support&#46; We appreciate comments by Julia Dombroski&#44; Kamilla de Souza and Marina Calder&#243;n in the early manuscript&#44; and Thais Shepard for the English revision&#46; We would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 25300644
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.pecon.2021.03.009
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