Challenges and perspectives for the Brazilian semi-arid coast under global environmental changes

array:24 ["pii" => "S2530064421000523" "issn" => "25300644" "doi" => "10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-07-01" "aid" => "195" "copyright" => "Associação Brasileira de Ciência Ecológica e Conservação" "copyrightAnyo" => "2021" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 2021;19:267-78" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2530064421000262" "issn" => "25300644" "doi" => "10.1016/j.pecon.2021.03.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-07-01" "aid" => "179" "copyright" => "Associação Brasileira de Ciência Ecológica e Conservação" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 2021;19:279-85" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Essays and Perspectives" "titulo" => "Combining DNA and people power for healthy rivers: Implementing the STREAM community-based approach for global freshwater monitoring" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "en" 2 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "279" "paginaFinal" => "285" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 750 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 76393 ] ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C.V. Robinson, D.J. Baird, M.T.G. Wright, T.M. Porter, K. Hartwig, E. Hendriks, L. Maclean, R. Mallinson, W.A. Monk, C. Paquette, M. Hajibabaei" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.V." "apellidos" => "Robinson" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D.J." "apellidos" => "Baird" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.T.G." "apellidos" => "Wright" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T.M." "apellidos" => "Porter" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Hartwig" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Hendriks" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Maclean" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Mallinson" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "W.A." "apellidos" => "Monk" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Paquette" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Hajibabaei" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "clase" => "graphical" "resumen" => "<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•STREAM framework facilitates enhanced DNA data generation.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•Community-based DNA biomonitoring can address data deficiencies.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•Environmental stewardship and Indigenous partnership are valuable for biomonitoring.</li></ul>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530064421000262?idApp=UINPBA00006K" "url" => "/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000262/v1_202108110648/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2530064421000535" "issn" => "25300644" "doi" => "10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-07-01" "aid" => "196" "copyright" => "Associação Brasileira de Ciência Ecológica e Conservação" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 2021;19:256-66" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Essays and Perspectives" "titulo" => "To graze or not to graze: A core question for conservation and sustainable use of grassy ecosystems in Brazil" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "en" 2 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "256" "paginaFinal" => "266" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 422 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 82049 ] ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Rodrigo Baggio, Gerhard E. Overbeck, Giselda Durigan, Valério D. Pillar" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rodrigo" "apellidos" => "Baggio" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gerhard E." "apellidos" => "Overbeck" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Giselda" "apellidos" => "Durigan" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Valério D." "apellidos" => "Pillar" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "clase" => "graphical" "resumen" => "<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•Grassy ecosystems in South America have developed under grazing by large herbivores until the Early Holocene.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•The grassy biomes need grazing animals and/or fire to maintain their biodiversity and ecological characteristics.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•Grazing in the Legal Reserve can represent a social process with benefits for land users and biodiversity conservation.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">•Knowledge on grazing in Brazil’s grassy ecosystems should be developed by researchers and stakeholders.</li></ul>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530064421000535?idApp=UINPBA00006K" "url" => "/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000535/v1_202108110648/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Essays and Perspectives" "titulo" => "Challenges and perspectives for the Brazilian semi-arid coast under global environmental changes" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "267" "paginaFinal" => "278" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M.O. Soares, C.C. Campos, P.B.M. Carneiro, H.S. Barroso, R.V. Marins, C.E.P. Teixeira, M.O.B. Menezes, L.S. Pinheiro, M.B. Viana, C.V. Feitosa, J.I. Sánchez-Botero, L.E.A. Bezerra, C.A. Rocha-Barreira, H. Matthews-Cascon, F.O. Matos, A. Gorayeb, M.S. Cavalcante, M.F. Moro, S. Rossi, G. Belmonte, V.M.M. Melo, A.S. Rosado, G. Ramires, T.C.L. Tavares, T.M. Garcia" "autores" => array:25 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M.O." "apellidos" => "Soares" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "marcelosoares@ufc.br" ] "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.C." "apellidos" => "Campos" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P.B.M." "apellidos" => "Carneiro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "H.S." "apellidos" => "Barroso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R.V." "apellidos" => "Marins" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.E.P." "apellidos" => "Teixeira" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.O.B." "apellidos" => "Menezes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L.S." "apellidos" => "Pinheiro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.B." "apellidos" => "Viana" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.V." "apellidos" => "Feitosa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.I." "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Botero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L.E.A." "apellidos" => "Bezerra" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.A." "apellidos" => "Rocha-Barreira" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Matthews-Cascon" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F.O." "apellidos" => "Matos" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Gorayeb" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.S." "apellidos" => "Cavalcante" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.F." "apellidos" => "Moro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Rossi" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Belmonte" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "V.M.M." "apellidos" => "Melo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A.S." "apellidos" => "Rosado" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Ramires" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "T.C.L." "apellidos" => "Tavares" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "T.M." "apellidos" => "Garcia" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autônoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyolla del Valles, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "AQUASIS, Fortaleza, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 914 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 126553 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionCoastal ecosystems are undergoing global environmental changes, which require urgent science-based actions to provide support for effective management and environmental planning, especially in ecologically and socially vulnerable areas worldwide (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Bennett et al., 2016</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Keys et al., 2019</a>). Among the highly productive and biodiverse intertropical ecosystems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">Pimm et al., 2014</a>), estuaries and mangroves are essential for sustaining terrestrial and aquatic life and human communities. They provide carbon sequestration (blue carbon), pollutant filtration (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Guannel et al., 2016</a>), food security (e.g., protein provision) for traditional human communities (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Costanza et al., 2014</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Claudet et al., 2020</a>), and coastal protection against climate change impacts, such as sea-level rise and sea swells (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580">Saunders et al., 2014</a>). Nevertheless, research in tropical environments of developing countries is still scarce compared with that in subtropical and warm-temperate coastal systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier, 2010</a>). Dry coasts (arid, semi-arid, and dry subhumid) are even more neglected, such as the coasts of Brazil (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>), Iran (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Mafi-Gholami et al., 2019</a>), Egypt (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Eissa et al., 2018</a>), the USA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Breaux et al., 2019</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Lopez et al., 2020</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Douglas et al., 2021</a>), Mexico (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650">Valderrama-Landeros et al., 2020</a>), Spain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">Sanz et al., 2002</a>), Cape Verde (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Larrue et al., 2020</a>), and Australia (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adame et al., 2020</a>). The socioecological dynamics of these dry coasts are not well known despite their increased population density, vulnerability, and unique biodiversity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Huxman et al., 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">Poulter et al., 2014</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adame et al., 2020</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Most of the knowledge of how environmental factors influence the structuring of populations and communities in semi-arid coastal zones is based on high-flow river systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Canuel et al., 2012</a>). Historically, we have based our understanding of many ecosystems with diverse functions, such as dry coastal systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640">Tweedley et al., 2019</a>), on perennial riverine ecosystems that cross dry lands, but are not limited by water deficits. Coastal ecosystems located in warm (>27 °C) semi-arid climates (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) are under high-temperature and low-precipitation regimes with high solar radiation and evaporation rates (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Huxman et al., 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590">Schwinning et al., 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">Poulter et al., 2014</a>). Thus, it is common for such environments to present stressful conditions, such as low humidity and hypersalinity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Douglas et al., 2021</a>), for many species, which leads to physiological stress related to freshwater scarcity (e.g., high physiological costs of osmoregulation), changes in recruitment rates, and reduced productivity compared to ecosystems not limited by water availability (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0690">Weatherall et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Breaux et al., 2019</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adame et al., 2020</a>). Moreover, the increased salinity in dry regions may trigger large-scale mortality events of key tropical ecoengineering species (e.g., seagrasses) and/or stress-sensitive species across distinct taxa (e.g., fishes and mangroves) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Johnson et al., 2020</a>). These processes also shape the supply of environmental goods and services, and the resistance and resilience of these ecosystems to local impacts and climate change (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">Waters et al., 2016</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Cheng et al., 2019</a>).The Brazilian semi-arid coast is characterized by a hot semi-arid climate and is one of the most densely populated areas worldwide. The area has significant resource exploitation, high levels of social inequality, and is one of the least known regions in the tropics. This perspective article discusses the main ongoing impacts in this extensive and ecologically diverse drought-prone area (>1000 km) in the tropical South Atlantic, with a focus on the estuarine zone and related coastal ecosystems, such as mangrove forests, dunes, and sandy beaches.Section “Brazilian semi-arid coast” presents a characterization of the Brazilian semi-arid coast and Section “Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast” presents the main ongoing impacts related to environmental changes. After each set of impacts, the main scientific question for advancing long-term research in the context of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) is identified. Using the questions as an agenda for future research will substantially enhance the understanding of those areas and similar semi-arid areas worldwide. This up-to-date knowledge will provide practical relevance for supporting science-based public policies.Brazilian semi-arid coastThe Brazilian semi-arid coast is located in the equatorial South Atlantic (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). It is a macro geomorphological area on the northeast coast of Brazil between Ponta dos Mangues Secos in Maranhão State (west limit) and Cabo do Calcanhar in Rio Grande do Norte State (east limit), which is the only stretch of the Brazilian coast under the increasing and direct influence of the hot semi-arid climate. This dry coast borders the semi-arid Caatinga phytogeographical domain, namely the driest Brazilian ecosystem that is covered mostly by deciduous forests (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">Moro et al., 2016</a>), and the seasonal savannas of the Cerrado domain. Owing to the climatic influence of the very dry Caatinga and the seasonal Cerrado, this coastal region differs from the rest of the Brazilian littoral zone. While most of the Brazilian coast harbors mainly humid forests in the Atlantic Forest domain or extensive mangrove systems in the Amazon, the semi-arid coast contains semi-deciduous forests, savannas, grasslands, and smaller mangrove systems associated with the shallow-water estuaries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">Moro et al., 2015</a>). With the exception of a few large rivers (São Francisco and Parnaíba), most of the river systems are temporary, with hypersaline mangroves and meadows (apicuns). Small estuaries are usually neglected despite being locally important because they support human populations and fishing resources.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The climate in this region is largely driven by the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The sea surface temperature is high and has low intraannual and interannual variation (26–30 °C) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615">Teixeira and Machado, 2013</a>). Seasonal, interannual, decadal, and multidecadal variations in the position of the ITCZ cause significant changes in the rainfall regime (interannual and intraannual variation), thereby resulting in hot semi-aridity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645">Utida et al., 2019</a>). The region has a rainy season between the austral autumn and winter (March to June) when the ITCZ reaches its southernmost position. Indeed, a large part (70%) of the rainfall predicted for a year can fall in just a single month (e.g., May or June). However, a total annual reduction in precipitation has been observed in the past three decades (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">Marengo et al., 2017</a>), and the area is now considered one of the most vulnerable to climate change in South America owing to the increased frequency of droughts (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645">Utida et al., 2019</a>). For example, Parnaíba (Piauí coast) showed a trend of reduction in total annual rainfall, with an estimated value of 118 mm for 30 years. Moreover, Fortaleza (Ceará coast) had a long-term trend of reduction for the total annual number of rainy days (19 days) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Carvalho et al., 2019</a>), which represent a concentration of rainfall. Therefore, there is an increased negative risk to coastal ecosystems, possibly increasing flood events, erosion processes in shallow soils, and intense disturbances, such as drastic changes in estuarine salinity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Carvalho et al., 2019</a>).In addition to rainfall, the meeting of the southeast and northeast trade winds in the ITCZ subject the semi-arid coast to a strong eolian regime (4 to 11 m s−1), particularly during the dry season (July to December with wind speed sometimes above 10 m s−1) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Funceme, 2009</a>). This wind pattern affects the coastal and oceanic circulation in this area, which connects this semi-arid coast to the Amazon and Caribbean regions by the northwestward-flowing nutrient-poor coastal currents and the North Brazil Current (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">Santos and Silva, 2013</a>).Owing to the lack of high river runoff (in contrast to the neighboring Amazon region) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), the Brazilian semi-arid coast is affected by low sedimentary processes, and a large proportion of the coast is currently facing erosion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530">Pinheiro et al., 2016</a>). Most of the coastline is covered by sedimentary layers deposited during the Neogene and Quaternary periods (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">Morais et al., 2018</a>). The combined action of swells, low river runoff, a mesotidal regime, and increased wind speed erodes these sediment deposits, thereby resulting in intense longshore drift and complex sediment exchanges between the shore and the mainland. These factors result in a unique set of oceanographic, ecological, geographic, and geomorphological features. For example, this semi-arid coastal area has the largest dune fields in South America (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">Santos et al., 2019</a>), and most of the shallow rivers have bar-built estuaries that characterize semi-enclosed estuarine systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro, 2011</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>A complex set of tropical landscapes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>), seascapes, and traditional human communities, such as fishers and shellfish gatherers, are found in this area. The area encompasses a variety of features, such as sandy beaches, mobile and fixed dunes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>), seagrass and rhodolith beds, and mangroves (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>) in freshwater-deprived estuaries, which make up interconnected environments of high ecological complexity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Godoy and Lacerda, 2015</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Barros et al., 2016</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530">Pinheiro et al., 2016</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">Soares et al., 2017</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Godoy et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Costa et al., 2020</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). The key impacts on these ecosystems, which often persist at the edge of the physiological tolerances of their species, include extreme drought events, reductions in groundwater inputs and fluxes between continents and oceans (e.g., presence of dams) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Dias et al., 2016</a>), sea-level fluctuations, and increases in nutrient loading (e.g., shrimp farms, discharge of raw sewage, and urban runoff) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">Soares et al., 2017</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Lacerda et al., 2020</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">Marins et al., 2020</a>). These impacts also affect the coast via transport reduction to the ocean and the formation of estuarine plumes on the inner continental shelf in exceptionally rainy years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Lacerda et al., 2017</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>The small size of the rivers also results in low-inflow, hypersaline, and shallow estuaries (sensu<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier, 2010</a>). Hypersalinity occurs seasonally and at different intensities in these systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585">Schettini et al., 2017</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655">Valentim et al., 2018</a>). The phenomenon of hypersalinity is recurrent in several estuaries worldwide, but in Brazil, it occurs seasonally in this semi-arid coastal zone (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), in the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">Kjerfve et al., 1996</a>), and during drier years in Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia State) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">Lessa et al., 2019</a>). Therefore, these extreme environments can be used as models for predicting future scenarios by providing answers to how the socioecological systems may behave in response to climate change and for assessing the resilience of biological and human communities (e.g., artisanal fishermen) to such impacts. Hypersalinization and high water residence time (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660">Verissimo et al., 2017</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Garcia et al., 2020</a>) are related to several local and global factors, including the location of the river basin in a semi-arid region, short and bar-built estuaries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">Pelage et al., 2021</a>), multiple dams along the upstream basin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>), high evaporation rates, global warming, higher insolation rates (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Lacerda et al., 2012</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">2020</a>), low runoff, and low river depth (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585">Schettini et al., 2017</a>).In these freshwater-deprived estuaries, among the key factors that influence the structuring of communities, we highlight the salinity, strong seasonality of rainfall/fluvial discharge, high concentrations of inorganic nutrients, important geochemical carriers and carbon fluxes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">Maia et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">Mounier et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">Santos et al., 2019</a>), and organic matter characteristics (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Cavalcante, 2019</a>). A mixture of freshwater and seawater can rapidly consume freshwater CO2 by the carbonate buffering capacity of seawater (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Cotovicz et al., 2020a</a>). These processes are maximized by the high temperatures and distinct hydrological conditions (e.g., high residence time) of the estuarine water body (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Dias et al., 2011</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">2013</a>). The reduction in the sediment and nutrient loads from the estuary not only has consequences on beach erosion, river basin silting, and the export of nutrients from the inner continental shelf (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro, 2011</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Dias et al., 2013</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">2016</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705">Ximenes Neto et al., 2018</a>), but also affects the adjacent marine ecosystems depending on the energy and matter flows that may be sensitive to reductions in available organic matter (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">Rossi et al., 2019</a>). The changing sedimentation rates and quality of the sediments also alter the substrate available to benthic organisms and may be related to contamination (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">Nilin et al., 2013</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550">Rios et al., 2016</a>), as presented in Section “Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast”.Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coastAmong the main impacts that drive changes in semi-arid coastal ecosystems, the following five are highlighted here: (1) the expected decrease in rainfall rates due to climate change, which alters water flows and the water residence time and promotes hypersalinity (>37) in low-inflow and shallow estuaries; (2) the sea-level rise, increased erosion of beaches and nearshore mangroves, and inland mangrove forest expansion due to enhanced saline intrusion along the river basins; (3) the decrease in land-ocean fluxes due to silting and closure of sandy bars in the estuarine mouth; (4) global warming, acidification, and the increased intensity and frequency of extreme events (e.g., heat waves, droughts, and sea swells); and (5) growing eutrophication and hypoxia, the loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due to urbanization, aquaculture (shrimp farming), agriculture, and land use change, which includes building dams for water supply along the semi-arid river basin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Moreover, the alteration of biogeochemical processes (“Arctic Paradox” hypothesis) can leverage the impact of contaminants, such as trace metals, and nutrients, which can increase the trophic state of oligotrophic waters.Considering these five main ongoing impacts, which will be presented in detail in this section, there is an urgent need for interdisciplinary approaches and the generation of long-term socioecological databases. These data could be used to understand the structure and dynamics of communities and their relationships with environmental variability. To pursue this task, we raise the following core question: how do climatic and environmental variability in the semi-arid coastal system affect organisms, populations, and communities? This central question was divided into five sub-questions aligned with the five main environmental changes identified in the Brazilian semi-arid coast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>Decrease in rainfall rates and increase in hypersalinity in estuariesDroughts and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences have coexisted for centuries in the Brazilian semi-arid region. However, the frequency and intensity of this phenomenon have intensified due to climate change (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">Marengo et al., 2020</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700">Wu et al., 2020</a>). This region experienced the worst drought ever recorded in Brazilian history between 2011 and 2017 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">Marengo et al., 2020</a>). A deficit of approximately 60% in the average accumulated precipitation was observed during this period compared with that in other years. Moreover, this region might experience greater increases in temperature, rainfall anomalies, and more frequent/intense dry spells and droughts in the next few decades (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">IPCC, 2014</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">Marengo et al., 2017</a>). Regarding precipitation, decreases in the current rainfall rate of 10%–20% by 2040 and 25%–35% by 2070 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">PBMC, 2014</a>) are predicted to impact these coastal ecosystems. Such effects will have knockout effects on several small, low-inflow, and short estuaries due to the increased salinity, which can result in long-term hypersalinity.Some reported alterations due to hypersaline waters are a reduction in species richness, with the survival of the most salt-tolerant species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505">Pillay and Perissinotto, 2008</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">Nche-Fambo et al., 2015</a>). A previous study in a Brazilian semi-arid estuary suggested the presence of some groups that are well-adapted to deal with hypersalinity, such as phytoplankton (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>). Other detected patterns include changes in zooplankton composition (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Campos, 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Garcia et al., 2020</a>) and in the diversity and biomass of benthic animals in the dry period (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Freitas et al., 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">Maia et al., 2018</a>), which are probably due to the flourishing of stress-tolerant species. Many estuaries worldwide are hypersaline and have elevated water residence times (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">Lancelot and Muylaert, 2011</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625">Tirok and Scharler, 2013</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>). Under these conditions combined with nutrient enrichment, the phytoplankton biomass can increase (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">du Plooy et al., 2014</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Hemraj et al., 2017</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>). However, this primary productivity enhancement in hypersaline conditions is not always beneficial for the general estuarine functioning, since harmful algae blooms can occur (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">Sahraoui et al., 2013</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695">Wetz et al., 2017</a>). In fact, in estuarine environments the synergistic effect of nutrient enrichment, long water residence times, and hypersaline conditions have been associated with several symptoms of eutrophication, such as high concentrations of chlorophyll, harmful algae blooms, episodic hypoxia, and fish kills (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695">Wetz et al., 2017</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Hallett et al., 2018</a>).Osmotic stress increases the risk of mortality of individual species and may result in a reduction in interspecific competition (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665">Vilas et al., 2009</a>). Some fish species experience physical stress due to changes in salinity. For example, the reactive oxygen species activity significantly increases with changing salinity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Hossain et al., 2016</a>). Species that are poor osmoregulators or are not able to rest during periodical salinity stresses will be substituted by salt-tolerant species that are more adapted to or able to rest during unfavorable periods. This will lead to a shift in the species composition (e.g., dominance by salt-tolerant species) and community structure, thereby affecting the human economy and food security (e.g., fishing) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Feyrer et al., 2015</a>). Hypersalinity can also cause the trophic systems to become truncated in terms of carbon flow to higher trophic levels because zooplankton predators in coastal food webs are more vulnerable to hypersalinity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Campos, 2018</a>).Furthermore, the longer water residence times in these Brazilian semi-arid estuaries have caused landward saline intrusion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">Maia and Lima, 2004</a>), thereby leading to the expansion of mangroves dominated by a few tolerant plant species over new areas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Godoy and Lacerda, 2015</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Godoy et al., 2018</a>). This can also lead to an increase in hypersalinity in the landward direction, thereby significantly increasing the associated marine fauna of the systems (e.g., jellyfishes and sea stars) that can be potentialized by basin drainage systems, such as multiple dams (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Dias et al., 2011; Dias et al., 2013</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">Medeiros et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655">Valentim et al., 2018</a>).In this scenario, the irregularity of rainfall exerts a key control over the life histories (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Feitosa and Rezende, 2020</a>) and physiological characteristics of biota (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Abrantes et al., 2020</a>) because the short rainy period concentrates freshwater and riverine nutrient inputs in 3–4 months (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Funceme, 2009</a>). Thus, during most of the year, the biota face critical survival conditions related mainly to extremes of salinity, evapotranspiration, and water residence times. Therefore, the following two situations are possible: (a) rain could provide relief from suboptimal conditions for species that survived the long dry season, or (b) rain could be a disturbance because the rainfall is usually concentrated in a few months of the year. However, the limits of this adaptability, resilience, and diversification among members of the estuarine community and how semi-aridness affects the supply of resources to traditional communities are unclear.Therefore, a major scientific challenge is to understand the responses of ecological communities to the ongoing intensification of the water deficit and increased saline intrusion. Thus, we raise the following question: how do rainfall irregularity and hypersalinity affect resource use and biological interactions on the semi-arid coast? To answer this question, long-term monitoring and research are strongly advised because changes in the stability and connectivity of communities can have key consequences for the ecosystem’s ability to resist external environmental disturbances. Also, predicting the effects of dryer scenarios and higher sea levels on saline estuarine intrusion as well as better river-dam management are essential to address adaptability and mitigation under climate change scenarios.Sea-level rise and increase in coastal erosionGlobal mean sea-level rise, which is caused by meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets and water expansion due to heat accumulation in the ocean, threatens different areas worldwide, including the Brazilian semi-arid coast. Along this coastline, at least three areas are at high or very high risk of flooding, and thus are more susceptible to sea-level rise (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620">Tessler, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">Muehe, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">Nicolodi and Petermann, 2010</a>). These areas also sustain large urban concentrations of approximately 180 K to 3000 K inhabitants. Therefore, despite the lack of precise sea-level scenarios under climate change for the region, at least 3.5 million people face a potential risk of being permanently or temporarily impacted by coastline regression by the end of this century. Regional models dealing with this sea-level rise impact are urgently needed to assess the magnitude and prevalence of potential risks, such as the destabilization of the extensive semi-arid coastline and many threats to water security, such as flooding and saltwater intrusion on coastal groundwater (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Befus et al., 2020</a>).Coastal erosion is another consequence of sea-level rise and inappropriate land use (Section “Loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due urbanization, aquaculture, agriculture, eutrophication, and land use change”). Current trends in coastal dynamics, combined with nearshore recession driven by sea-level rise, could result in the near extinction of almost half of the beaches worldwide by the end of the century (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675">Vousdoukas et al., 2020</a>). Approximately 42.4% of the Brazilian semi-arid coast is facing erosion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">Morais et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">Paula et al., 2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670">Vital et al., 2018</a>). The vulnerability of this region and the continuation of this process will lead to considerable losses of coastal land in the coming decades, thereby affecting economies and low-lying human communities, increased groundwater hazards, and livelihoods (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Franco et al., 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Befus et al., 2020</a>). However, a non-linear increase in the erosion intensity is also expected due to the decrease in precipitation along this coast, which will increase the eolian transport of sediment from the shore to the mainland (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">Muehe, 2010</a>). This lack of sediments amplifies the vulnerability of semi-arid coastal areas to erosion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">Muehe, 2010</a>), while possibly increasing the size of dune fields. This in turn may lead to siltation and burial of continental water bodies (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525">Pinheiro et al., 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630">Tsoar et al., 2009</a>), which will have severe consequences for estuarine and lagoon habitats. Coupled with local factors, such as river damming, these processes have already decreased the input of sediments to shallow marine areas, including sandy beaches (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro, 2011</a>).These ongoing processes may result in serious modifications of the coastal dynamics, thereby impacting the structure and function of adjacent marine ecosystems (e.g., seagrass beds and coral reefs) and compromising the production of vital environmental goods and services, such as coastline stabilization and freshwater provision. In such a scenario, management actions such as mapping erosion-susceptible regions, protecting coastal vegetation and regulating coastal occupation are primordial. Thus, to understand the alterations caused by environmental changes in these ecosystems, we pose the following question: how do sea-level rise and the increase in coastal erosion determine the resistance and/or resilience of these semi-arid coastal ecosystems to external disturbances and disorders?Decrease in land-ocean fluxes and alteration of biogeochemical processesMore than half of the rivers worldwide are intermittent or ephemeral, meaning that they can naturally cease their flow or remain completely dry for a long time (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Datry et al., 2016</a>). These rivers are commonly present in hot semi-arid regions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">Pusey et al., 2010</a>). Most rivers along the Brazilian semi-arid coast are small and intermittent (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390">Maltchik and Medeiros, 2006</a>). During the dry season, sediments accumulate in the river channels and the freshwater flow is almost nonexistent. The connection between the land and the ocean is commonly maintained by the intrusion of saltwater caused by high tides. Therefore, transitional systems have an estuarine-lagoon morphology and are frequently subjected to hypersalinity. However, during the wet season, intense but short-lived rainfall carries sediments, nutrients, and contaminants to the ocean and establishes typical estuarine circulation. This results in intense exchanges of matter and energy between the continent-ocean interface, which is a fundamental process for local coastal dynamics in the inner continental shelf. Moreover, acidic ocean waters can alter heavy metal’s dynamics and increase their bioavailability and toxicity. These pollutants can decrease CO2 sequestration by the blue carbon ecosystems accelerating climate changes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710">Zeng et al., 2015</a>). Finally, coastal regions, such as the Brazilian semiarid coast, are more vulnerable to the impact of acidification due to large influxes of pollutants from land-based sources and hypoxia levels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">Melzner et al., 2013</a>). In this sense, environmental protection from coastal pollution has a large potential for mitigating ocean acidification risk (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710">Zeng et al., 2015</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Cotovicz et al., 2020b</a>).However, changes in the drainage of the river basins in the past three decades (especially after the construction of multiple dams) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">Molisani et al., 2006</a>) combined with climate-change-driven reductions in rainfall (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Cunha et al., 2019</a>) have reduced the freshwater inputs during the rainy season, thereby compromising the pivotal land-ocean fluxes. This reduction increases the water residence time (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Dias et al., 2011</a>) and the sediment accumulation in the inner river areas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro, 2011</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Godoy and Lacerda, 2013</a>), thereby perennializing the tide-dominated status of such estuaries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">Pinheiro and Morais, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">Medeiros et al., 2018</a>).As the residence time of estuarine water increases, the reactivity of many substances is enhanced. Trace metals of environmental significance, such as mercury, become more reactive. Their bioavailability can also increase by complexing with dissolved organic carbon. Paradoxically, this is the opposite of the phenomenon observed in the Arctic Ocean, in which increasing flows of mercury into the ocean and bioaccumulation in biota are associated with increased river discharge due to the melting of glaciers and continental ice (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Dai et al., 2009</a>). The phenomenon of increasing pollutant mobilization due to global changes is independent of the variations in emissions and is stronger in extreme ecosystems worldwide; it has been described as an “Arctic Paradox” by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Lacerda et al. (2020)</a>. Thus, the levels of a contaminant in the local biota are increasing even when the total load of the pollutant is generally decreasing.This process is claimed to cause increasing mercury exposure in local consumers of fishery products on the semi-arid coast. Moreover, it is hypothesized that the accumulation of mercury could be an indirect consequence of the increase in semi-arid mangrove areas because it expands the metabolism-based dissimilatory SO42- reduction to a larger portion of the estuary (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Lacerda et al., 2020</a>). The longer water residence time in the dry period leads to a longer flooding time in the upper estuary, thereby leading to the production of large amounts of mercury-organic complexes due to the incomplete respiration of organic matter by anaerobes. The complexes are then transported to the lower estuarine areas where they bioaccumulate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0001">Vaisman et al., 2005; Rios et al., 2016</a>). Landward mangrove expansion has been reported in the Brazilian semi-arid coast as saline intrusion increases toward upstream areas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Godoy and Lacerda, 2015</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Godoy et al., 2018</a>). This increase, along with mangrove erosion next to beaches and river mouths, contributes to the remobilization of sediments and to the release of sulfur-metallic compounds, thereby dissociating them and releasing the metals to the water column, where they are much more bioavailable (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">Marins et al., 2020</a>). For this reason, efficient dam management to avoid sediment retention could help to minimize such effects. Thus, to better understand the responses of these ecosystems to this changing scenario, we pose the following question: how will changes in sediment remobilization caused by low land-ocean exchanges alter biogeochemical processes in semi-arid ecosystems?Global warming, intensity, and frequency of extreme eventsThe occurrence of extreme events, such as heatwaves, temperature increases, intense and frequent droughts, and annual rainfall reduction, have been predicted and reported in the Brazilian semi-arid coast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">Kundzewicz et al., 2014</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">Marengo et al., 2019</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">Soares et al., 2019</a>). The average marine heatwave (MHW) frequency was close to 3 events per year from 1982 to 2020 in some Brazilian coastal regions, but was more than 10 events per year in this low-latitude coast. The frequency of MHW events has increased in the last 40 years, and a clear trend of a 0.2 °C temperature increase per decade was detected in the Brazilian semi-arid coast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">Soares et al., 2021</a>). These recent results indicate that the Brazilian semi-arid coast is one of the most-affected regions by climate change impacts, such as global warming, acidification, and extreme events such as heatwaves (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">Marengo et al., 2016</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">2017</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">2018</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">Soares et al., 2021</a>).A gradual increase in the temperature of 0.5 °C and 1.0 °C is expected by 2040 and 2070, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">PBMC, 2014</a>). This increased warming trend and MHWs are currently impacting distinct semi-arid ecosystems, such as marginal reefs subjected to coral bleaching (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">Soares et al., 2019</a>) and short low-inflow estuaries under hypersaline conditions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al., 2018</a>). The temperature increase is also expected to impair the trophic transfer efficiency from the individual level via changes in growth costs and carbon-use efficiency to the ecosystem level (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Barneche et al., 2021</a>).A global-scale analysis of coastal species has shown abundant changes linked to warming, with richness declines expected in equatorward areas in the next five decades because of failures to adapt to rapid climate change (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Hastings et al., 2020</a>). Given that the ranges of marine species are closely related to their physiological thermal tolerances, global warming may lead to increases in abundance poleward and decreases in abundance toward the equator (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Hastings et al., 2020</a>), which is where the Brazilian semi-arid coast is located (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Acidification is another global stressor (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Cotovicz et al., 2020b</a>) that represents an additional impair mainly to calcifier organisms, some of them with key habitat-forming importance (e.g., corals and coralline algae) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Crook et al., 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">Soares et al., 2019</a>) and socioeconomic relevance (e.g., bivalves in brackish waters) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680">Waldbusser et al., 2015</a>). Thus, determining how semi-arid coastal ecosystems respond to the increased frequency of predicted extreme events in the context of global climate change is pivotal for improving the predictions of community dynamics under climate change. Moreover, management actions, such as improving prediction models of regions susceptible to extreme events (e.g., storm surges and floods), better control of coastal occupations, and protection of coastal vegetation are key to deal with these global changes.Loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due urbanization, aquaculture, agriculture, eutrophication, and land use changeThe Brazilian semi-arid coastal urbanization process accelerated during the 20th century owing to intense human migration from inland areas to coastal areas related to prolonged droughts and the desire to seek refuge and better living conditions. This growth became more pronounced when development activities, such as the installation of ports, shrimp farms, industries, and services, were initiated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Cerqueira et al., 2020</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">Lacerda et al., 2021</a>). The intense land use and uneven distribution of governmental and private investments resulted in segregated and socially unequal access to the city, which resulted in several areas with deficient sanitation and sewage systems and high demands for housing, employment, and income. These areas put pressure on coastal ecosystems (e.g., dunes, coral reefs, estuaries, and beaches) through water and soil contamination, eutrophication, siltation, and the removal of vegetation cover.The increase in urbanization caused strong deleterious changes. The reduction and fragmentation of vegetation cover in northeastern Brazil are prominent owing to the link between vegetation (e.g., mangrove forests) and other ecosystem components. Vegetation is a main attribute of conservation of terrestrial biodiversity and environmental services, and its loss will result in poorer ecosystems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">Moro et al., 2015</a>). Among other changes, urbanization causes soil compaction and waterproofing (caused by buildings and pavement), hydrological destabilization (resulting from hydric works or the imbalance between the withdrawal and return of water in water bodies), and water quality deterioration with eutrophication (either due to source pollution from sanitary and industrial sewage or diffuse pollution from surface runoff carrying livestock residues, mineral fertilizers, or pesticides) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Adams et al., 2001</a>), thereby directly impacting the coastal ecosystem (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">Martins et al., 2012</a>).The main impacts on these ecosystems have been known in the Brazilian scientific literature since 2004, in which <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Gorayeb et al. (2004)</a> identified mangrove deforestation as a major damage to the Pacoti estuary (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3 and 4</a>), mainly due to the use of firewood to produce charcoal for domestic consumption and inadequate garbage disposal. Moreover, tourism and leisure activities without proper planning and mismanagement near the mouth of the rivers are other significant threats.Some parameters are strong indicators of human influence on water quality and determinants of negative ecological impacts in coastal environments, such as biodegradable organic matter, which promotes the depletion of dissolved oxygen and hypoxia in shallow-water urbanized estuaries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">MacPherson et al., 2007</a>); lower dissolved oxygen in hypereutrophic estuaries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Dai et al., 2006</a>); increased inorganic nutrients (mainly in the forms of NO3, NO2, NH4/NH3, PO4, and SiO4), which cause eutrophication, harmful algae blooms, and imbalances in primary productivity and the food chain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Cerqueira et al., 2020</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">Malone and Newton, 2020</a>); turbidity, which causes obstruction of light and decreased photosynthetic activity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">MacPherson et al., 2007</a>); and pathogenic microorganisms, which pose risks to public health through bathing or through consumption of contaminated seafood in beaches, mangroves, and estuaries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">Lipp et al., 2001</a>). Considering this complex scenario, we raise the following multicomponent question: how do environmental variations, anthropogenic changes, and the context of global change affect ecosystem services and human communities? Answering this question is crucial to guiding stakeholders in creating accessible public policies aimed at preserving both traditional human populations and natural ecosystems.Conclusions and final remarksWe raised five main environmental issues concerning the Brazilian semi-arid coast and proposed fundamental socioecological questions to guide future research in the field (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). Understanding the structure and functions of these dry coastal ecosystems will help to clarify the intricate relationships and connectivity between the different communities in the land-ocean continuum. This, together with participatory data collection, will generate information to understand how biodiversity is related to stability under global environmental changes. Understanding the ongoing impacts on traditional communities living in this semi-arid coastal zone is pivotal to building science-based actions to support their livelihoods and decrease social inequality.Regional/local (e.g., shrimp farming and organic pollution) and global-scale pressures (e.g., marine heatwaves and extreme droughts) act concomitantly (e.g., cumulative or synergistically), driving species-specific effects and, consequently, deep changes in the current and future state of semiarid coastal ecosystems such as mangroves (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">Marins et al., 2020; Lacerda et al., 2021</a>) and coral reefs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">Soares et al., 2017</a>). Climate change could modify the resistance or resilience of coastal ecosystems, potentially making them more vulnerable to human impacts (i.e. overfishing and deforestation), and direct impacts may amplify climate change constraints in coastal ecosystems. Such drastic changes will have severe and negative effects on the energy budgets of key organisms as well as on their phenology and population viability (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">Rossi et al., 2019</a>).These historically neglected human populations have been heavily impacted by decreases in both environmental and human health status. They were recently affected by the largest environmental disaster in Brazilian history (an oil spill that reached the northeastern Brazilian coast in 2019/2020) and by the COVID-19 pandemic, which was intensified by the high levels of poverty and social inequality (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">Magalhães et al., 2020</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">Soares et al., 2020</a>). Between 2011 and 2017, the Brazilian northeast faced recurrent drought events, which were considered the most intense in terms of duration, severity, and recurrence (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Cunha et al., 2019</a>). Droughts are associated with serious global economic and social losses and affect more people than any other natural disaster (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Keyantash and Dracup, 2002</a>).In this context, interdisciplinary ecological and socioeconomic indicators that can monitor the effects of global climate change are essential to define, characterize, and quantify the consequences of this phenomenon on the drought-prone coast and society, especially vulnerable populations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Andrade and Soares, 2017</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545">Queiroz et al., 2017</a>). An effective strategy is to identify and monitor processes that not only confirm that the climate is changing, but also indicate how and to what extent this will affect ecosystem goods and services (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Lacerda et al., 2010</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">2012</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">2020</a>). Such ecosystem services include blue carbon stocks and sequestration (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Macreadie et al., 2019</a>), of which Brazil is an important global provider through mangroves, macroalgae, saltmarshes, and seagrass beds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635">Turra and Denadai, 2016</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Gouvêa et al., 2020</a>). For example, mangroves on the semi-arid coast of Brazil capture, on average, more carbon (above- and belowground) per hectare (413 Mg C ha-1) than the Amazon rainforest (approximately 280 Mg C ha-1), with values close to that of the Amazonian mangrove forest (511 Mg C ha-1), which has the highest average carbon capture per hectare in Brazil (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Kauffman et al., 2018a</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">2018b</a>). However, we do not know how the climate regulation service provided by these estuaries will be affected by mangrove expansion and retraction (Sections “Decrease in rainfall rates and increase in hypersalinity in estuaries” and “Sea-level rise and increase in coastal erosion”) and the complex impacts of climate change (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Kauffman et al., 2018a</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">Marengo et al., 2020</a>).Such scientific information will help to develop important science-based tools for use in drought-prone regions by water resource managers, scientists, social movements, community associations, NGOs, society, and local governments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>). Furthermore, studying coastal ecosystems under extreme environmental conditions (e.g., inverse and hypersaline estuaries) in the long term can provide important information for other regions of Brazil and the world that are undergoing increasing aridity. Many other ecosystems will be impacted by similar stressors in the short, mid, or long term.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Using the changes, impacts, and five questions presented here (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>) to guide the structure of coastal research strategies and to provide access to long-term scientific data can benefit scarcely known semi-arid systems and unknown adjacent submarine areas. This can help to predict the effects of environmental changes on the sustainability of ecosystem goods and services. Moreover, the five questions can guide science-based proposals of public policies (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>) aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and the actions/goals in the context of the ongoing UN Decade of Oceanic Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) in Brazil and similar semi-arid coasts worldwide.Declaration of interestsThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1558565" "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1558563" "titulo" => "Highlights" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1558564" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1406310" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Brazilian semi-arid coast" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Decrease in rainfall rates and increase in hypersalinity in estuaries" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Sea-level rise and increase in coastal erosion" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Decrease in land-ocean fluxes and alteration of biogeochemical processes" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Global warming, intensity, and frequency of extreme events" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due urbanization, aquaculture, agriculture, eutrophication, and land use change" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions and final remarks" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Declaration of interests" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack549486" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-03-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-06-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1406310" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Climate change" 1 => "Sea-level rise" 2 => "Droughts" 3 => "Hypersalinity" 4 => "Erosion" 5 => "Mangroves" 6 => "Estuaries" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Understanding the impacts on the Brazilian semi-arid coast, which is a drought-prone area (>1000 km) in the tropical Atlantic, and how ecosystems survive and adapt to such extreme environments requires socioecological studies to create a theory for conservation. Here, we highlight five main ongoing changes in tropical semi-arid areas, namely (1) the decrease in rainfall rates due to climate change, which alters freshwater flows, alters water residence times, and promotes hypersalinity (>37) in low-inflow estuaries; (2) sea-level rise, groundwater hazards, increased erosion of beaches and nearshore mangroves, and landward mangrove forest expansion due to enhanced saline intrusion along river basins; (3) the decrease in land-ocean fluxes due to silting and closure of sandy bars in estuarine mouths; (4) warming and increased intensity and frequency of extreme events (e.g., heat waves, droughts, and sea swells); and (5) growing eutrophication and hypoxia, loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due to urbanization, aquaculture (shrimp farming), agriculture, and land-use change, which includes building dams for water supply. The alteration of biogeochemical processes (“Arctic Paradox” hypothesis) and acidification that potentialize the impact of contaminants and nutrients is also highlighted. These impacts have effects on food and water security and multiple trophic levels, which should preferentially be studied through a long-term approach for advancing research. Based on these concerns, we propose key questions that should guide research in the context of the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) to support science-based management actions in Brazil and other similar semi-arid areas worldwide." ] ] "highlights" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•Changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast reveal key questions to advance research.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•Changes in the semi-arid coast can have consequences in the ecological stability and connectivity.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•Modifications of the coastal dynamics can impact structure and function of adjacent marine ecosystems.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">•Semi-arid coast community dynamics under ongoing climate change should be monitored.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">•Beaches and nearshore mangroves erosion contrast with mangrove expansion inland.</li></ul>" ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1633 "Ancho" => 3354 "Tamanyo" => 527913 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Hot (BSh, Köppen climate classification) semi-arid environments worldwide. Adapted from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Beck et al. (2018)</a>." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1609 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 958486 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Brazilian semi-arid coast (equatorial Southwestern Atlantic, northeastern Brazil). The west limit is in Maranhão State (2°15′5″S, 43°36′46″W) and the east limit is in Rio Grande do Norte State (5°9′24″S, 35°30′6″W)." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1198 "Ancho" => 1688 "Tamanyo" => 581579 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Brazilian semi-arid coast (equatorial Southwestern Atlantic, northeastern Brazil) showing the states included (Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte), land cover (urban areas, mangroves, natural and artificial water bodies, dunes fields) and main wind direction. Data sources - water bodies: <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">ANA (2020)</a>; wind direction: <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Amarante et al. (2001)</a>; Urban areas: <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">Farias et al. (2017)</a>; Mangrove areas: <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">Freitas et al. (2018)</a>." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 834 "Ancho" => 1688 "Tamanyo" => 385714 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Main coastal ecosystems located on the Brazilian semi-arid coast. Both aerial drone-photos are from the Pacoti River estuary, Ceará coast, northeastern Brazil. This shallow estuary is seasonally hypersaline (during the dry season; August to December) like most of the short and low-inflow estuaries on the Brazilian semi-arid coast." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1496 "Ancho" => 2104 "Tamanyo" => 440764 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Main environmental changes (C1–C5) in the Brazilian semi-arid coast and their respective scientific questions (Q1–Q5)." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1497 "Ancho" => 2105 "Tamanyo" => 366713 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Science-based management actions recommended to improve awareness, enhance knowledge and capacities, and reinforce ongoing conducts regarding adaptability and mitigation to global changes." ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 914 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 126553 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:147 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Abrantes et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Geographic distribution and conservation of seasonal killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) from the Mid-Northeastern Caatinga ecoregion, northeastern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00370-X" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Adame et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mangroves in arid regions: ecology, threats, and opportunities" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106796" "Revista" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Adams et al., 2001" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hydrochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo, South Africa" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00370-X" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0002" "etiqueta" => "Amarante et al., 2001" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0003" "etiqueta" => "ANA, 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Andrade and Soares, 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Offshore marine protected areas: divergent perceptions of divers and artisanal fishers" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.marpol.2016.11.016" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Barneche et al., 2021" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Warming impairs trophic transfer efficiency in a long-term field experiment" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41586-021-03352-2" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Barros et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Seagrass meadows on the northeast coast of Brazil: habitat influence on the spatial and seasonal variations" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Barroso et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intra-annual variability of phytoplankton biomass and nutrients in a tropical estuary during a severe drought" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.023" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Beck et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/sdata.2018.214" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "Befus et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Increasing threat of coastal groundwater hazards from sea-level rise in California" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41558-020-0874-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Bennett et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Communities and change in the anthropocene: understanding social-ecological vulnerability and planning adaptations to multiple interacting exposures" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10113-015-0839-5" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "Breaux et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ecosystem resilience following salinity change in a hypersaline estuary" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106258" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Campos, 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Qual o efeito da hipersalinidade na distribuição de copépodes em um estuário tropical? 87f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Canuel et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Climate change impacts on the organic carbon cycle at the land-ocean interface" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105511" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "Carvalho et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Trends of rainfall and temperature in Northeast Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n1p15-23" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "Cavalcante, 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Caracterização da matéria orgânica natural no estuário do rio Jaguaribe em diferentes estações climáticas em anos de seca prolongada. 128 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais, Instituto de Ciências do Mar - Labomar" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Cerqueira et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effects of urbanization on water quality in a watershed in northeastern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10661-019-8020-0" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "Cheng et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "How fast are the oceans warming?" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1126/science.aav7619" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Claudet et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A roadmap for using the UN Decade of ocean science for sustainable development in support of science, policy, and action" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.012" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "Costa et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Seagrass and rhodolith beds are important seascapes for the development of fish eggs and larvae in tropical coastal areas" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105064" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "Costanza et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changes in the global value of ecosystem services" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "Cotovicz et al., 2020a" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Carbon dioxide sources and sinks in the delta of the Paraíba do Sul River (Southeastern Brazil) modulated by carbonate thermodynamics, gas exchange and ecosystem metabolism during estuarine mixing" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103869" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "Cotovicz et al., 2020b" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Air-sea CO2 flux in an equatorial continental shelf dominated by coral reefs (Southwestern Atlantic Ocean)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.csr.2020.104175" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "Crook et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Calcifying coral abundance near low-pH springs: implicationsfor future ocean acidification" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00338-011-0839-y" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "Cunha et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Extreme drought events over Brazil from 2011 to 2019" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/atmos10110642" "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "Dai et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Oxygen depletion in the upper reach of the Pearl River estuary during a winter drought" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.020" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "Dai et al., 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changes in continental freshwater discharge from 1948 to 2004" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1175/2008JCLI2592.1" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "Datry et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "One for All, All for One: A Global River Research Network" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1029/2016EO053587" "Libro" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "Dias et al., 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparative analysis of rating curve and ADP estimates of instantaneous water discharge through estuaries in two contrasting Brazilian rivers" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/hyp.7972" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "Dias et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Continental shelf water masses off the Jaguaribe River (4S), northeastern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.csr.2013.06.005" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "Dias et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Physical characteristics and discharges of suspended particulate matter at the continent-ocean interface in an estuary located in a semi-arid region in northeastern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.006" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "Dias et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tidal and low-frequency currents off the Jaguaribe River estuary (4° S, 37° 4′ W), northeastern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10236-018-1172-6" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "Douglas et al., 2021" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hydroclimatic variability drives submarine groundwater discharge and nutrient fluxes in an anthropogenically disturbed, semi-arid estuary" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142574" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "du Plooy et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nitrogen uptake dynamics of a persistent cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. bloom in Lake St Lucia, South Africa" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2989/1814232X.2014.922124" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "Eissa et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Integrative management of saltwater intrusion in poorly-constrained semi-arid coastal aquifer at Ras El-Hekma, Northwestern Coast, Egypt" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.gsd.2017.10.002" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0004" "etiqueta" => "Farias et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "Feitosa and Rezende, 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Trophic ecology of the fish Leporinus piau (Characiformes: anostomidae) in an area influenced by a dam in the Parnaíba River" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.15517/rbt.v68i2.38641" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "Feyrer et al., 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Estuarine fish communities respond to climate variability over both river and ocean basins" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/gcb.12969" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "Franco et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prognóstico da Erosão Costeira no Litoral Setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte para os anos de 2020, 2030 e 2040" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "Freitas et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) (Guilding, 1928) farming areas as artificial reefs for fish: a case study in the state of Ceará, Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/S1679-87592006000100003" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0006" "etiqueta" => "Freitas et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mapas dos manguezais do Brasil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "Funceme, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Calendário das Chuvas no Estado do Ceará" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "Garcia et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mesozooplankton community of a dammed estuary in Brazilian semi-arid region" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.21411/CBM.A.3B7F837B" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "Godoy and Lacerda, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changes in estuarine islands and rainfall trends in the Jaguaribe River watershed, Ceará State, Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "Godoy and Lacerda, 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mangroves response to climate change: a review of recent findings on mangrove extension and distribution" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/0001-3765201520150055" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "Godoy et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mangrove response to land use change in estuaries along the semi-arid coast of Ceará, Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00138.1" "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "Gorayeb et al., 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Meio Ambiente e condições de sustentabilidade da planície flúvio-marinha do rio Pacoti – Ceará – Brasil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5216/rev.geoambie.v0i2.25861" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "Gouvêa et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Golden carbon of Sargassum forests revealed as an opportunity for climate change mitigation" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138745" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "Guannel et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The power of three: coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves protect coastal regions and increase their resilience" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0158094" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "Hallett et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Observed and predicted impacts of climate change on the estuaries of south-western Australia, a Mediterranean climate region" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10113-017-1264-8" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "Hastings et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Climate change drives poleward increases and equatorward declines in marine species" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.043" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "Hemraj et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Plankton bioindicators of environmental conditions in coastal lagoons" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2016.10.045" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "Hossain et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Salinity stress response in estuarine fishes from the Murray Estuary and Coorong, South Australia" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10695-016-0241-3" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "Huxman et al., 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Precipitation pulses and carbon fluxes in semi-arid and arid ecosystems" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00442-004-1682-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 55 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "IPCC, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 56 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "Johnson et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hypersalinity affects leaf and meristem O2 dynamics exposing meristems to H2S in the dominant tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jembe.2020.151458" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 57 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "Kauffman et al., 2018a" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Carbon stocks of mangroves and salt marshes of the Amazon region, Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1098/rsbl.2018.0208" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 58 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "Kauffman et al., 2018b" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Shrimp ponds lead to massive loss of soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in Northeastern Brazilian mangroves" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/ece3.4079" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 59 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "Keyantash and Dracup, 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The quantification of drought: an evaluation of drought indices" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1167" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 60 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "Keys et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anthropocene risk" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41893-019-0327-x" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 61 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "Kjerfve et al., 1996" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hydrology and salt balance in a large, hypersaline coastal lagoon: Lagoa de Araruama, Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1006/ecss.1996.0045" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 62 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "Kundzewicz et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/02626667.2013.857411" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 63 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mudanças climáticas globais: caçando indicadores no Nordeste brasileiro" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 64 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "O paradoxo ártico: impacto das mudanças climáticas sobre Rios Árticos e do semiárido aumentam a exportação de mercúrio para o oceano" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5935/1984-6835.20120034" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 65 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 66 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0315" "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An Arctic paradox: response of fluvial Hg inputs and bioavailability to global climate change in an extreme coastal environment" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/feart.2020.00093" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 67 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0320" "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al., 2021" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "20-years cumulative impact from shrimp farming on mangroves of Northeast Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/ffgc.2021.653096" "Revista" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] 68 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0325" "etiqueta" => "Lancelot and Muylaert, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Trends in estuarine phytoplankton ecology" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00703-8" "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 69 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "Largier, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Low-inflow estuaries: hypersaline, inverse and thermal scenarios" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1017/CBO9780511676567.010" "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 70 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0335" "etiqueta" => "Larrue et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The use of vascular plant densities to estimate the age of undated lava flows in semi-arid areas of Fogo Island (Cape Verde, Atlantic Ocean)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.104042" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 71 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0340" "etiqueta" => "Lessa et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Variability of the thermohaline field in a large tropical, well-mixed estuary: the influence of an extreme draught event" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12237-019-00641-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 72 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0345" "etiqueta" => "Lipp et al., 2001" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effects of seasonal variability and weather on microbial fecal pollution and enteric pathogens in a subtropical estuary" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2307/1352950" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 73 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0350" "etiqueta" => "Lopez et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Radioactive and stable isotope measurements reveal saline submarine groundwater discharge in a semi-arid estuary" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125395" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 74 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "MacPherson et al., 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Water column oxygen demand and sediment oxygen flux: patterns of oxygen depletion in tidal creeks" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10750-007-0643-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 75 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0360" "etiqueta" => "Macreadie et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The future of blue carbon science" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41467-019-11693-w" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 76 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0365" "etiqueta" => "Mafi-Gholami et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modelling multi-decadal mangrove leaf area index in response to drought along the semi-arid southern coasts of Iran" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.462" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 77 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0370" "etiqueta" => "Magalhães et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Oil spill+ COVID-19: a disastrous year for Brazilian seagrass conservation" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142872" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 78 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0375" "etiqueta" => "Maia and Lima, 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater saline intrusion in the Western shore of Ceará, North-Eastern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 79 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0380" "etiqueta" => "Maia et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Benthic estuarine assemblages of the Northeastern Brazil Marine ecoregion" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-77779-5_3" "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 80 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "Malone and Newton, 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The globalization of cultural eutrophication in the coastal ocean: causes and consequences" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fmars.2020.00670" "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 81 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "Maltchik and Medeiros, 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Conservation importance of semi-arid streams in north-eastern Brazil: implications of hydrological disturbance and species diversity" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/aqc.805" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 82 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0395" "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Drought in Northeast Brazil—past, present, and future" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00704-016-1840-8" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 83 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0400" "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Climatic characteristics of the 2010-2016 drought in the semi-arid Northeast Brazil region" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 84 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0405" "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Climatic characteristics of the 2010-2016 drought in the semi-arid Northeast Brazil region" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/0001-3765201720170206" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 85 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0410" "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Increase risk of drought in the semi-arid Lands of Northeast Brazil due to regional warming above 4 °C" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-92881-4_7" "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 86 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0415" "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Assessing drought in the drylands of northeast Brazil under regional warming exceeding 4 °C" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11069-020-04097-3" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 87 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0420" "etiqueta" => "Marins et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Phosphorus and suspended matter retention in mangroves affected by shrimp farm effluents in NE Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/0001-3765202020200758" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 88 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0425" "etiqueta" => "Martins et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The impact of coastal urbanization on the structure of phytobenthic communities in southern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.031" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 89 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0430" "etiqueta" => "Medeiros et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Variação Longitudinal Da Salinidade do estuário hipersalino do rio Apodi/Mossoró (Rio Grande do norte, Brasil)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 90 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0435" "etiqueta" => "Melzner et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Future ocean acidification will be amplified by hypoxia in coastal habitats" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00227-012-1954-1" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 91 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0440" "etiqueta" => "Molisani et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Estimation of the freshwater river discharge to estuaries in" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.32360/acmar.v39i1-2.6173" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 92 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0445" "etiqueta" => "Morais and Pinheiro, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of semi-aridity and damming on sedimentary dynamics in estuaries-Northeastern region of Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] 93 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0450" "etiqueta" => "Morais et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ceará" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 94 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0455" "etiqueta" => "Moro et al., 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vegetação, unidades fitoecológicas e diversidade paisagística do estado do Ceará" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/2175-7860201566305" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 95 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0460" "etiqueta" => "Moro et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A phytogeographical metaanalysis of the semiarid Caatinga domain in Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12229-016-9164-z" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 96 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0465" "etiqueta" => "Mounier et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Determining the influence of urbanization on mangrove zones of northeastern Brazil: characterization of ceará state coastal zone organic matter inputs" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-73016-5_10" "Libro" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 97 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0470" "etiqueta" => "Muehe, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Brazilian coastal vulnerability to climate change" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 98 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0475" "etiqueta" => "Nche-Fambo et al., 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resilience of estuarine phytoplankton and their temporal variability along salinity gradientes during drought and hypersalinity" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2015.03.011" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 99 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0480" "etiqueta" => "Nicolodi and Petermann, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mudanças Climáticas e a Vulnerabilidade da Zona Costeira do Brasil: aspectos ambientais, sociais e tecnológicos" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] 100 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0485" "etiqueta" => "Nilin et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sediment quality assessment in a tropical estuary: the case of Ceará River, Northeastern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.009" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 101 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0490" "etiqueta" => "Paula et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Piauí" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 102 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0495" "etiqueta" => "PBMC, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Base científica das mudanças climáticas" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 103 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0500" "etiqueta" => "Pelage et al., 2021" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A case study in Brazilian tropical estuaries" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107184" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 104 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0505" "etiqueta" => "Pillay and Perissinotto, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The benthic macrofauna of the St. Lucia Estuary during 939 the 2005 drought year" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2007.09.004" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 105 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0510" "etiqueta" => "Pillay and Perissinotto, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Community structure of epibenthic meiofauna in the St. 942 Lucia Estuarine Lake (South Africa) during a drought phase" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2008.10.014" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 106 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0515" "etiqueta" => "Pimm et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1126/science.1246752" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 107 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0520" "etiqueta" => "Pinheiro and Morais, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Interferências de barramentos no regime hidrológico do estuário do rio Catú-Ceará-Nordeste do Brasil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/S1982-45132010000200002" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 108 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0525" "etiqueta" => "Pinheiro et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Erosive processes monitoring linked to the estuarine evolution systems nearby Aguas Belas, Cascavel, Ceará, Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] 109 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0530" "etiqueta" => "Pinheiro et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Beaches of Ceará" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-30394-9_7" "Libro" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 110 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0535" "etiqueta" => "Poulter et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/nature13376" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 111 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0540" "etiqueta" => "Pusey et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Widespread omnivory and low temporal and spatial variation in the diet of fishes in a hydrologically variable northern Australian river" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02712.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 112 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0545" "etiqueta" => "Queiroz et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Neglected ecosystem services: highlighting the socio-cultural perception of mangroves in decision-making processes" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.013" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 113 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0550" "etiqueta" => "Rios et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Long-term (2002–2015) changes in mercury contamination in NE Brazil depicted by the mangrove oyster Crassostraea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00128-016-1855-y" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 114 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0555" "etiqueta" => "Rossi et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changes of energy fluxes in marine animal forests of the Anthropocene: factors shaping the future seascape" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/icesjms/fsz147" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 115 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0560" "etiqueta" => "Sahraoui et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Driving factors of the potentially toxic and harmful species of Prorocentrum ehrenberg in a semi-enclosed Mediterranean lagoon (Tunisia, SW Mediterranean)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.12681/mms.338" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 116 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0565" "etiqueta" => "Santos and Silva, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Seasonality, interannual variability, and linear tendency of wind speeds in the Northeast Brazil from 1986 to 2011" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1155/2013/490857" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 117 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0570" "etiqueta" => "Santos et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modelling Dunes from Lençóis Maranhenses National park (Brazil): largest dune field in South America" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41598-019-43735-0" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 118 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0575" "etiqueta" => "Sanz et al., 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the east coast of Spain: relevance of dry deposition in semi-arid Mediterranean regions" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00318-9" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 119 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0580" "etiqueta" => "Saunders et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Interdependency of tropical marine ecosystems in response to climate change" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/nclimate2274" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 120 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0585" "etiqueta" => "Schettini et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Circulation and transport in short, low-inflow estuaries under anthropogenic stresses" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rsma.2017.01.004" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 121 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0590" "etiqueta" => "Schwinning et al., 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thresholds, memory, and seasonality: understanding pulse dynamics in arid/semi-arid ecosystems" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00442-004-1683-3" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 122 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0595" "etiqueta" => "Soares et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Brazilian marine animal forests: a new world to discover in the Southwestern Atlantic" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-21012-4_51" "Libro" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 123 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0600" "etiqueta" => "Soares et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermal stress and tropical reefs: mass coral bleaching in a stable temperature environment?" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12526-019-00994-4" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 124 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0605" "etiqueta" => "Soares et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Oil spill in South Atlantic (Brazil): environmental and governmental disaster" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103879" "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 125 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0610" "etiqueta" => "Soares et al., 2021" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Climate change and local impacts threaten Brazilian reefs" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 126 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0615" "etiqueta" => "Teixeira and Machado, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "On the temporal variability of the sea surface temperature on the Tropical Southwest Atlantic Continental" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2112/SI65-350.1" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 127 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0620" "etiqueta" => "Tessler, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Potencial de risco natural. Pp. 93-120" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 128 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0625" "etiqueta" => "Tirok and Scharler, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dynamics of pelagic and benthic microalgae during drought conditions in a shallow estuarine lake (Lake St. Lucia)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2012.12.023" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 129 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0630" "etiqueta" => "Tsoar et al., 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of climate change on the mobility and stability of coastal sand dunes in Ceará State (NE Brazil)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.yqres.2008.12.001" "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 130 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0635" "etiqueta" => "Turra and Denadai, 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 131 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0640" "etiqueta" => "Tweedley et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 132 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0645" "etiqueta" => "Utida et al., 2019" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 133 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0001" "etiqueta" => "Vaisman et al., 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 134 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0650" "etiqueta" => "Valderrama-Landeros et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 135 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0655" "etiqueta" => "Valentim et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 136 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0660" "etiqueta" => "Verissimo et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 137 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0665" "etiqueta" => "Vilas et al., 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 138 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0670" "etiqueta" => "Vital et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] 139 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0675" "etiqueta" => "Vousdoukas et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 140 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0680" "etiqueta" => "Waldbusser et al., 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 141 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0685" "etiqueta" => "Waters et al., 2016" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 142 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0690" "etiqueta" => "Weatherall et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 143 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0695" "etiqueta" => "Wetz et al., 2017" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 144 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0700" "etiqueta" => "Wu et al., 2020" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 145 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0705" "etiqueta" => "Ximenes N. et al., 2018" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] 146 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0710" "etiqueta" => "Zeng et al., 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack549486" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "This perspective article outlines the Brazilian Semi-Arid Coast Long Term Ecological Research Project (PELD-CSB) and the first research site on this coastline focusing on the following main scientific question: how do climatic and environmental variability in the semi-arid coast affect organisms, populations, and communities? We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Research Productivity Fellowship Nos. 307061/2017, 309140/2018-8, 310165/2020-2, and 313518/2020-3), PELD Costa Semiárida do Brasil-CSB (No. 442337/2020-5), CAPES-PRINT, CAPES-PNPD (HSB Fellowship), MCTIC/CNPq 28/2018 – Universal 423628/2018-6, Pronex PR2-0101-00052.01.00/15, INCT AmbTropic, and Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Chief Scientist Program) for their financial support. This is PELD-CSB contribution #2." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000523/v1_202108110648/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "65410" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Essays and Perspectives" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000523/v1_202108110648/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00006K&text.app=https://perspectecolconserv.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530064421000523?idApp=UINPBA00006K"]

Statistics

Essays and Perspectives

M.O. Soaresa,e,f,

Corresponding author

marcelosoares@ufc.br

Corresponding author at: Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil.

, C.C. Camposa, P.B.M. Carneirob, H.S. Barrosoa, R.V. Marinsa, C.E.P. Teixeiraa, M.O.B. Menezesa, L.S. Pinheiroa, M.B. Vianaa, C.V. Feitosaa, J.I. Sánchez-Boteroc, L.E.A. Bezerraa, C.A. Rocha-Barreiraa, H. Matthews-Casconc, F.O. Matosa, A. Gorayebd, M.S. Cavalcantea, M.F. Moroa, S. Rossia,e,f, G. Belmontee..., V.M.M. Meloc, A.S. Rosadog,h, G. Ramiresi, T.C.L. Tavaresa, T.M. GarciaaVer más

a Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil

b Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Brazil

c Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil

d Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil

e Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy

f Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autônoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyolla del Valles, Spain

g King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia

h Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

i AQUASIS, Fortaleza, Brazil

Read

4322

Times
was read the article

1648

Total PDF

2674

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S2530064421000523"
  "issn" => "25300644"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.001"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-07-01"
  "aid" => "195"
  "copyright" => "Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Ci&#234;ncia Ecol&#243;gica e Conserva&#231;&#227;o"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2021"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "rev"
  "cita" => "Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 2021;19:267-78"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2530064421000262"
    "issn" => "25300644"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.pecon.2021.03.001"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-07-01"
    "aid" => "179"
    "copyright" => "Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Ci&#234;ncia Ecol&#243;gica e Conserva&#231;&#227;o"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "cita" => "Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 2021;19:279-85"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Essays and Perspectives</span>"
      "titulo" => "Combining DNA and people power for healthy rivers&#58; Implementing the STREAM community-based approach for global freshwater monitoring"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:3 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "en"
        2 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "279"
          "paginaFinal" => "285"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 1
        "multimedia" => array:5 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => false
          "mostrarDisplay" => true
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 750
              "Ancho" => 1333
              "Tamanyo" => 76393
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "C&#46;V&#46; Robinson, D&#46;J&#46; Baird, M&#46;T&#46;G&#46; Wright, T&#46;M&#46; Porter, K&#46; Hartwig, E&#46; Hendriks, L&#46; Maclean, R&#46; Mallinson, W&#46;A&#46; Monk, C&#46; Paquette, M&#46; Hajibabaei"
          "autores" => array:11 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;V&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Robinson"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "D&#46;J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Baird"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;T&#46;G&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Wright"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "T&#46;M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Porter"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "K&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Hartwig"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Hendriks"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "L&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Maclean"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Mallinson"
            ]
            8 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "W&#46;A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Monk"
            ]
            9 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Paquette"
            ]
            10 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Hajibabaei"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "resumen" => array:2 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "titulo" => "Graphical abstract"
          "clase" => "graphical"
          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span>"
        ]
        1 => array:3 [
          "titulo" => "Highlights"
          "clase" => "author-highlights"
          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">STREAM framework facilitates enhanced DNA data generation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Community-based DNA biomonitoring can address data deficiencies&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Environmental stewardship and Indigenous partnership are valuable for biomonitoring&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530064421000262?idApp=UINPBA00006K"
    "url" => "/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000262/v1_202108110648/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2530064421000535"
    "issn" => "25300644"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-07-01"
    "aid" => "196"
    "copyright" => "Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Ci&#234;ncia Ecol&#243;gica e Conserva&#231;&#227;o"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "cita" => "Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 2021;19:256-66"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Essays and Perspectives</span>"
      "titulo" => "To graze or not to graze&#58; A core question for conservation and sustainable use of grassy ecosystems in Brazil"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:3 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "en"
        2 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "256"
          "paginaFinal" => "266"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 1
        "multimedia" => array:5 [
          "identificador" => "fig0025"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => false
          "mostrarDisplay" => true
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 422
              "Ancho" => 1333
              "Tamanyo" => 82049
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Rodrigo Baggio, Gerhard E&#46; Overbeck, Giselda Durigan, Val&#233;rio D&#46; Pillar"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Rodrigo"
              "apellidos" => "Baggio"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Gerhard E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Overbeck"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Giselda"
              "apellidos" => "Durigan"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Val&#233;rio D&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Pillar"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "resumen" => array:2 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "titulo" => "Graphical abstract"
          "clase" => "graphical"
          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span>"
        ]
        1 => array:3 [
          "titulo" => "Highlights"
          "clase" => "author-highlights"
          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grassy ecosystems in South America have developed under grazing by large herbivores until the Early Holocene&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The grassy biomes need grazing animals and&#47;or fire to maintain their biodiversity and ecological characteristics&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grazing in the Legal Reserve can represent a social process with benefits for land users and biodiversity conservation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge on grazing in Brazil&#8217;s grassy ecosystems should be developed by researchers and stakeholders&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530064421000535?idApp=UINPBA00006K"
    "url" => "/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000535/v1_202108110648/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Essays and Perspectives</span>"
    "titulo" => "Challenges and perspectives for the Brazilian semi-arid coast under global environmental changes"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "267"
        "paginaFinal" => "278"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "M&#46;O&#46; Soares, C&#46;C&#46; Campos, P&#46;B&#46;M&#46; Carneiro, H&#46;S&#46; Barroso, R&#46;V&#46; Marins, C&#46;E&#46;P&#46; Teixeira, M&#46;O&#46;B&#46; Menezes, L&#46;S&#46; Pinheiro, M&#46;B&#46; Viana, C&#46;V&#46; Feitosa, J&#46;I&#46; S&#225;nchez-Botero, L&#46;E&#46;A&#46; Bezerra, C&#46;A&#46; Rocha-Barreira, H&#46; Matthews-Cascon, F&#46;O&#46; Matos, A&#46; Gorayeb, M&#46;S&#46; Cavalcante, M&#46;F&#46; Moro, S&#46; Rossi, G&#46; Belmonte, V&#46;M&#46;M&#46; Melo, A&#46;S&#46; Rosado, G&#46; Ramires, T&#46;C&#46;L&#46; Tavares, T&#46;M&#46; Garcia"
        "autores" => array:25 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;O&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Soares"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "marcelosoares@ufc.br"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:4 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0025"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0030"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "C&#46;C&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Campos"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "P&#46;B&#46;M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Carneiro"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "H&#46;S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Barroso"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "R&#46;V&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Marins"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "C&#46;E&#46;P&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Teixeira"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;O&#46;B&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Menezes"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          7 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "L&#46;S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Pinheiro"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          8 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;B&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Viana"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          9 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "C&#46;V&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Feitosa"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          10 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "J&#46;I&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "S&#225;nchez-Botero"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          11 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "L&#46;E&#46;A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Bezerra"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          12 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "C&#46;A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rocha-Barreira"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          13 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "H&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Matthews-Cascon"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          14 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "F&#46;O&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Matos"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          15 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Gorayeb"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0020"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          16 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Cavalcante"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          17 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;F&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Moro"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          18 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rossi"
            "referencia" => array:3 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0025"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0030"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          19 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "G&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Belmonte"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0025"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          20 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "V&#46;M&#46;M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Melo"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          21 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "A&#46;S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rosado"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0035"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0040"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          22 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "G&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Ramires"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0045"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          23 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "T&#46;C&#46;L&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Tavares"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          24 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "T&#46;M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Garcia"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:9 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias do Mar &#40;LABOMAR&#41;&#44; Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#40;UFC&#41;&#44; Fortaleza&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Delta do Parna&#237;ba &#40;UFDPar&#41;&#44; Parna&#237;ba&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Biologia&#44; Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#40;UFC&#41;&#44; Fortaleza&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Geografia&#44; Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#40;UFC&#41;&#44; Fortaleza&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali &#40;DISTEBA&#41;&#44; Universit&#224; del Salento&#44; Lecce&#44; Italy"
            "etiqueta" => "e"
            "identificador" => "aff0025"
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Institut de Ci&#232;ncia i Tecnologia Ambientals &#40;ICTA&#41;&#44; Universitat Aut&#244;noma de Barcelona &#40;UAB&#41;&#44; Cerdanyolla del Valles&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "f"
            "identificador" => "aff0030"
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "King Abdullah University of Science and Technology &#40;KAUST&#41;&#44; Saudi Arabia"
            "etiqueta" => "g"
            "identificador" => "aff0035"
          ]
          7 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#40;UFRJ&#41;&#44; Rio de Janeiro&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "h"
            "identificador" => "aff0040"
          ]
          8 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "AQUASIS&#44; Fortaleza&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "i"
            "identificador" => "aff0045"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at&#58; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias do Mar &#40;LABOMAR&#41;&#44; Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#40;UFC&#41;&#44; Fortaleza&#44; Brazil&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 1
      "multimedia" => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 914
            "Ancho" => 1333
            "Tamanyo" => 126553
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coastal ecosystems are undergoing global environmental changes&#44; which require urgent science-based actions to provide support for effective management and environmental planning&#44; especially in ecologically and socially vulnerable areas worldwide &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Bennett et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Keys et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Among the highly productive and biodiverse intertropical ecosystems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">Pimm et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; estuaries and mangroves are essential for sustaining terrestrial and aquatic life and human communities&#46; They provide carbon sequestration &#40;blue carbon&#41;&#44; pollutant filtration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Guannel et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; food security &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; protein provision&#41; for traditional human communities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Costanza et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Claudet et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; and coastal protection against climate change impacts&#44; such as sea-level rise and sea swells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580">Saunders et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; research in tropical environments of developing countries is still scarce compared with that in subtropical and warm-temperate coastal systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Dry coasts &#40;arid&#44; semi-arid&#44; and dry subhumid&#41; are even more neglected&#44; such as the coasts of Brazil &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#44; Iran &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Mafi-Gholami et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; Egypt &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Eissa et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#44; the USA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Breaux et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Lopez et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Douglas et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#44; Mexico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650">Valderrama-Landeros et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; Spain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">Sanz et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#44; Cape Verde &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">Larrue et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; and Australia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adame et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; The socioecological dynamics of these dry coasts are not well known despite their increased population density&#44; vulnerability&#44; and unique biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Huxman et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">Poulter et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adame et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the knowledge of how environmental factors influence the structuring of populations and communities in semi-arid coastal zones is based on high-flow river systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Canuel et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Historically&#44; we have based our understanding of many ecosystems with diverse functions&#44; such as dry coastal systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640">Tweedley et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; on perennial riverine ecosystems that cross dry lands&#44; but are not limited by water deficits&#46; Coastal ecosystems located in warm &#40;&#62;27&#8239;&#176;C&#41; semi-arid climates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; are under high-temperature and low-precipitation regimes with high solar radiation and evaporation rates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Huxman et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590">Schwinning et al&#46;&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">Poulter et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; it is common for such environments to present stressful conditions&#44; such as low humidity and hypersalinity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Douglas et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#44; for many species&#44; which leads to physiological stress related to freshwater scarcity &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; high physiological costs of osmoregulation&#41;&#44; changes in recruitment rates&#44; and reduced productivity compared to ecosystems not limited by water availability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0690">Weatherall et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Breaux et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adame et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the increased salinity in dry regions may trigger large-scale mortality events of key tropical ecoengineering species &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; seagrasses&#41; and&#47;or stress-sensitive species across distinct taxa &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; fishes and mangroves&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Johnson et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; These processes also shape the supply of environmental goods and services&#44; and the resistance and resilience of these ecosystems to local impacts and climate change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">Waters et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Cheng et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Brazilian semi-arid coast is characterized by a hot semi-arid climate and is one of the most densely populated areas worldwide&#46; The area has significant resource exploitation&#44; high levels of social inequality&#44; and is one of the least known regions in the tropics&#46; This perspective article discusses the main ongoing impacts in this extensive and ecologically diverse drought-prone area &#40;&#62;1000&#8239;km&#41; in the tropical South Atlantic&#44; with a focus on the estuarine zone and related coastal ecosystems&#44; such as mangrove forests&#44; dunes&#44; and sandy beaches&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Section &#8220;Brazilian semi-arid coast&#8221; presents a characterization of the Brazilian semi-arid coast and Section &#8220;Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast&#8221; presents the main ongoing impacts related to environmental changes&#46; After each set of impacts&#44; the main scientific question for advancing long-term research in the context of the United Nations &#40;UN&#41; Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development &#40;2021&#8211;2030&#41; is identified&#46; Using the questions as an agenda for future research will substantially enhance the understanding of those areas and similar semi-arid areas worldwide&#46; This up-to-date knowledge will provide practical relevance for supporting science-based public policies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Brazilian semi-arid coast</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Brazilian semi-arid coast is located in the equatorial South Atlantic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; It is a macro geomorphological area on the northeast coast of Brazil between Ponta dos Mangues Secos in Maranh&#227;o State &#40;west limit&#41; and Cabo do Calcanhar in Rio Grande do Norte State &#40;east limit&#41;&#44; which is the only stretch of the Brazilian coast under the increasing and direct influence of the hot semi-arid climate&#46; This dry coast borders the semi-arid Caatinga phytogeographical domain&#44; namely the driest Brazilian ecosystem that is covered mostly by deciduous forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">Moro et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; and the seasonal savannas of the Cerrado domain&#46; Owing to the climatic influence of the very dry Caatinga and the seasonal Cerrado&#44; this coastal region differs from the rest of the Brazilian littoral zone&#46; While most of the Brazilian coast harbors mainly humid forests in the Atlantic Forest domain or extensive mangrove systems in the Amazon&#44; the semi-arid coast contains semi-deciduous forests&#44; savannas&#44; grasslands&#44; and smaller mangrove systems associated with the shallow-water estuaries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">Moro et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; With the exception of a few large rivers &#40;S&#227;o Francisco and Parna&#237;ba&#41;&#44; most of the river systems are temporary&#44; with hypersaline mangroves and meadows &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">apicuns</span>&#41;&#46; Small estuaries are usually neglected despite being locally important because they support human populations and fishing resources&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The climate in this region is largely driven by the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone &#40;ITCZ&#41;&#46; The sea surface temperature is high and has low intraannual and interannual variation &#40;26&#8211;30&#8239;&#176;C&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615">Teixeira and Machado&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Seasonal&#44; interannual&#44; decadal&#44; and multidecadal variations in the position of the ITCZ cause significant changes in the rainfall regime &#40;interannual and intraannual variation&#41;&#44; thereby resulting in hot semi-aridity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645">Utida et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; The region has a rainy season between the austral autumn and winter &#40;March to June&#41; when the ITCZ reaches its southernmost position&#46; Indeed&#44; a large part &#40;70&#37;&#41; of the rainfall predicted for a year can fall in just a single month &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; May or June&#41;&#46; However&#44; a total annual reduction in precipitation has been observed in the past three decades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#44; and the area is now considered one of the most vulnerable to climate change in South America owing to the increased frequency of droughts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645">Utida et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; Parna&#237;ba &#40;Piau&#237; coast&#41; showed a trend of reduction in total annual rainfall&#44; with an estimated value of 118&#8239;mm for 30 years&#46; Moreover&#44; Fortaleza &#40;Cear&#225; coast&#41; had a long-term trend of reduction for the total annual number of rainy days &#40;19 days&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Carvalho et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; which represent a concentration of rainfall&#46; Therefore&#44; there is an increased negative risk to coastal ecosystems&#44; possibly increasing flood events&#44; erosion processes in shallow soils&#44; and intense disturbances&#44; such as drastic changes in estuarine salinity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Carvalho et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to rainfall&#44; the meeting of the southeast and northeast trade winds in the ITCZ subject the semi-arid coast to a strong eolian regime &#40;4 to 11&#8239;m&#8239;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#44; particularly during the dry season &#40;July to December with wind speed sometimes above 10&#8239;m&#8239;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Funceme&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; This wind pattern affects the coastal and oceanic circulation in this area&#44; which connects this semi-arid coast to the Amazon and Caribbean regions by the northwestward-flowing nutrient-poor coastal currents and the North Brazil Current &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">Santos and Silva&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Owing to the lack of high river runoff &#40;in contrast to the neighboring Amazon region&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; the Brazilian semi-arid coast is affected by low sedimentary processes&#44; and a large proportion of the coast is currently facing erosion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530">Pinheiro et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Most of the coastline is covered by sedimentary layers deposited during the Neogene and Quaternary periods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">Morais et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; The combined action of swells&#44; low river runoff&#44; a mesotidal regime&#44; and increased wind speed erodes these sediment deposits&#44; thereby resulting in intense longshore drift and complex sediment exchanges between the shore and the mainland&#46; These factors result in a unique set of oceanographic&#44; ecological&#44; geographic&#44; and geomorphological features&#46; For example&#44; this semi-arid coastal area has the largest dune fields in South America &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">Santos et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; and most of the shallow rivers have bar-built estuaries that characterize semi-enclosed estuarine systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro&#44; 2011</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A complex set of tropical landscapes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#44; seascapes&#44; and traditional human communities&#44; such as fishers and shellfish gatherers&#44; are found in this area&#46; The area encompasses a variety of features&#44; such as sandy beaches&#44; mobile and fixed dunes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; seagrass and rhodolith beds&#44; and mangroves &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; in freshwater-deprived estuaries&#44; which make up interconnected environments of high ecological complexity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Godoy and Lacerda&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Barros et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530">Pinheiro et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Godoy et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Costa et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; The key impacts on these ecosystems&#44; which often persist at the edge of the physiological tolerances of their species&#44; include extreme drought events&#44; reductions in groundwater inputs and fluxes between continents and oceans &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; presence of dams&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; sea-level fluctuations&#44; and increases in nutrient loading &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; shrimp farms&#44; discharge of raw sewage&#44; and urban runoff&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">Marins et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; These impacts also affect the coast via transport reduction to the ocean and the formation of estuarine plumes on the inner continental shelf in exceptionally rainy years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The small size of the rivers also results in low-inflow&#44; hypersaline&#44; and shallow estuaries &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sensu</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Largier&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Hypersalinity occurs seasonally and at different intensities in these systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585">Schettini et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655">Valentim et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; The phenomenon of hypersalinity is recurrent in several estuaries worldwide&#44; but in Brazil&#44; it occurs seasonally in this semi-arid coastal zone &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; in the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">Kjerfve et al&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#44; and during drier years in Todos os Santos Bay &#40;Bahia State&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">Lessa et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; these extreme environments can be used as models for predicting future scenarios by providing answers to how the socioecological systems may behave in response to climate change and for assessing the resilience of biological and human communities &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; artisanal fishermen&#41; to such impacts&#46; Hypersalinization and high water residence time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660">Verissimo et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Garcia et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; are related to several local and global factors&#44; including the location of the river basin in a semi-arid region&#44; short and bar-built estuaries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">Pelage et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#44; multiple dams along the upstream basin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; high evaporation rates&#44; global warming&#44; higher insolation rates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">2020</a>&#41;&#44; low runoff&#44; and low river depth &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585">Schettini et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In these freshwater-deprived estuaries&#44; among the key factors that influence the structuring of communities&#44; we highlight the salinity&#44; strong seasonality of rainfall&#47;fluvial discharge&#44; high concentrations of inorganic nutrients&#44; important geochemical carriers and carbon fluxes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">Maia et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">Mounier et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">Santos et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; and organic matter characteristics &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Cavalcante&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; A mixture of freshwater and seawater can rapidly consume freshwater CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> by the carbonate buffering capacity of seawater &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Cotovicz et al&#46;&#44; 2020a</a>&#41;&#46; These processes are maximized by the high temperatures and distinct hydrological conditions &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; high residence time&#41; of the estuarine water body &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">2013</a>&#41;&#46; The reduction in the sediment and nutrient loads from the estuary not only has consequences on beach erosion&#44; river basin silting&#44; and the export of nutrients from the inner continental shelf &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705">Ximenes Neto et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#44; but also affects the adjacent marine ecosystems depending on the energy and matter flows that may be sensitive to reductions in available organic matter &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">Rossi et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; The changing sedimentation rates and quality of the sediments also alter the substrate available to benthic organisms and may be related to contamination &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">Nilin et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550">Rios et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#44; as presented in Section &#8220;Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast&#8221;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the main impacts that drive changes in semi-arid coastal ecosystems&#44; the following five are highlighted here&#58; &#40;1&#41; the expected decrease in rainfall rates due to climate change&#44; which alters water flows and the water residence time and promotes hypersalinity &#40;&#62;37&#41; in low-inflow and shallow estuaries&#59; &#40;2&#41; the sea-level rise&#44; increased erosion of beaches and nearshore mangroves&#44; and inland mangrove forest expansion due to enhanced saline intrusion along the river basins&#59; &#40;3&#41; the decrease in land-ocean fluxes due to silting and closure of sandy bars in the estuarine mouth&#59; &#40;4&#41; global warming&#44; acidification&#44; and the increased intensity and frequency of extreme events &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; heat waves&#44; droughts&#44; and sea swells&#41;&#59; and &#40;5&#41; growing eutrophication and hypoxia&#44; the loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due to urbanization&#44; aquaculture &#40;shrimp farming&#41;&#44; agriculture&#44; and land use change&#44; which includes building dams for water supply along the semi-arid river basin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the alteration of biogeochemical processes &#40;&#8220;Arctic Paradox&#8221; hypothesis&#41; can leverage the impact of contaminants&#44; such as trace metals&#44; and nutrients&#44; which can increase the trophic state of oligotrophic waters&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering these five main ongoing impacts&#44; which will be presented in detail in this section&#44; there is an urgent need for interdisciplinary approaches and the generation of long-term socioecological databases&#46; These data could be used to understand the structure and dynamics of communities and their relationships with environmental variability&#46; To pursue this task&#44; we raise the following core question&#58; how do climatic and environmental variability in the semi-arid coastal system affect organisms&#44; populations&#44; and communities&#63; This central question was divided into five sub-questions aligned with the five main environmental changes identified in the Brazilian semi-arid coast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Decrease in rainfall rates and increase in hypersalinity in estuaries</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Droughts and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences have coexisted for centuries in the Brazilian semi-arid region&#46; However&#44; the frequency and intensity of this phenomenon have intensified due to climate change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700">Wu et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; This region experienced the worst drought ever recorded in Brazilian history between 2011 and 2017 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; A deficit of approximately 60&#37; in the average accumulated precipitation was observed during this period compared with that in other years&#46; Moreover&#44; this region might experience greater increases in temperature&#44; rainfall anomalies&#44; and more frequent&#47;intense dry spells and droughts in the next few decades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">IPCC&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Regarding precipitation&#44; decreases in the current rainfall rate of 10&#37;&#8211;20&#37; by 2040 and 25&#37;&#8211;35&#37; by 2070 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">PBMC&#44; 2014</a>&#41; are predicted to impact these coastal ecosystems&#46; Such effects will have knockout effects on several small&#44; low-inflow&#44; and short estuaries due to the increased salinity&#44; which can result in long-term hypersalinity&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some reported alterations due to hypersaline waters are a reduction in species richness&#44; with the survival of the most salt-tolerant species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505">Pillay and Perissinotto&#44; 2008</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">Nche-Fambo et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; A previous study in a Brazilian semi-arid estuary suggested the presence of some groups that are well-adapted to deal with hypersalinity&#44; such as phytoplankton &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Other detected patterns include changes in zooplankton composition &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Campos&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Garcia et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; and in the diversity and biomass of benthic animals in the dry period &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Freitas et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">Maia et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#44; which are probably due to the flourishing of stress-tolerant species&#46; Many estuaries worldwide are hypersaline and have elevated water residence times &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">Lancelot and Muylaert&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625">Tirok and Scharler&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; Under these conditions combined with nutrient enrichment&#44; the phytoplankton biomass can increase &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">du Plooy et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Hemraj et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; this primary productivity enhancement in hypersaline conditions is not always beneficial for the general estuarine functioning&#44; since harmful algae blooms can occur &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">Sahraoui et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695">Wetz et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; In fact&#44; in estuarine environments the synergistic effect of nutrient enrichment&#44; long water residence times&#44; and hypersaline conditions have been associated with several symptoms of eutrophication&#44; such as high concentrations of chlorophyll&#44; harmful algae blooms&#44; episodic hypoxia&#44; and fish kills &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695">Wetz et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Hallett et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Osmotic stress increases the risk of mortality of individual species and may result in a reduction in interspecific competition &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665">Vilas et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Some fish species experience physical stress due to changes in salinity&#46; For example&#44; the reactive oxygen species activity significantly increases with changing salinity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Hossain et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Species that are poor osmoregulators or are not able to rest during periodical salinity stresses will be substituted by salt-tolerant species that are more adapted to or able to rest during unfavorable periods&#46; This will lead to a shift in the species composition &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; dominance by salt-tolerant species&#41; and community structure&#44; thereby affecting the human economy and food security &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; fishing&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Feyrer et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Hypersalinity can also cause the trophic systems to become truncated in terms of carbon flow to higher trophic levels because zooplankton predators in coastal food webs are more vulnerable to hypersalinity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Campos&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; the longer water residence times in these Brazilian semi-arid estuaries have caused landward saline intrusion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">Maia and Lima&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#44; thereby leading to the expansion of mangroves dominated by a few tolerant plant species over new areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Godoy and Lacerda&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Godoy et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; This can also lead to an increase in hypersalinity in the landward direction&#44; thereby significantly increasing the associated marine fauna of the systems &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; jellyfishes and sea stars&#41; that can be potentialized by basin drainage systems&#44; such as multiple dams &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">Medeiros et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655">Valentim et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this scenario&#44; the irregularity of rainfall exerts a key control over the life histories &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Feitosa and Rezende&#44; 2020</a>&#41; and physiological characteristics of biota &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Abrantes et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; because the short rainy period concentrates freshwater and riverine nutrient inputs in 3&#8211;4 months &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Funceme&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; during most of the year&#44; the biota face critical survival conditions related mainly to extremes of salinity&#44; evapotranspiration&#44; and water residence times&#46; Therefore&#44; the following two situations are possible&#58; &#40;a&#41; rain could provide relief from suboptimal conditions for species that survived the long dry season&#44; or &#40;b&#41; rain could be a disturbance because the rainfall is usually concentrated in a few months of the year&#46; However&#44; the limits of this adaptability&#44; resilience&#44; and diversification among members of the estuarine community and how semi-aridness affects the supply of resources to traditional communities are unclear&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; a major scientific challenge is to understand the responses of ecological communities to the ongoing intensification of the water deficit and increased saline intrusion&#46; Thus&#44; we raise the following question&#58; how do rainfall irregularity and hypersalinity affect resource use and biological interactions on the semi-arid coast&#63; To answer this question&#44; long-term monitoring and research are strongly advised because changes in the stability and connectivity of communities can have key consequences for the ecosystem&#8217;s ability to resist external environmental disturbances&#46; Also&#44; predicting the effects of dryer scenarios and higher sea levels on saline estuarine intrusion as well as better river-dam management are essential to address adaptability and mitigation under climate change scenarios&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Sea-level rise and increase in coastal erosion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Global mean sea-level rise&#44; which is caused by meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets and water expansion due to heat accumulation in the ocean&#44; threatens different areas worldwide&#44; including the Brazilian semi-arid coast&#46; Along this coastline&#44; at least three areas are at high or very high risk of flooding&#44; and thus are more susceptible to sea-level rise &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620">Tessler&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">Muehe&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">Nicolodi and Petermann&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; These areas also sustain large urban concentrations of approximately 180&#8239;K to 3000&#8239;K inhabitants&#46; Therefore&#44; despite the lack of precise sea-level scenarios under climate change for the region&#44; at least 3&#46;5 million people face a potential risk of being permanently or temporarily impacted by coastline regression by the end of this century&#46; Regional models dealing with this sea-level rise impact are urgently needed to assess the magnitude and prevalence of potential risks&#44; such as the destabilization of the extensive semi-arid coastline and many threats to water security&#44; such as flooding and saltwater intrusion on coastal groundwater &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Befus et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coastal erosion is another consequence of sea-level rise and inappropriate land use &#40;Section &#8220;Loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due urbanization&#44; aquaculture&#44; agriculture&#44; eutrophication&#44; and land use change&#8221;&#41;&#46; Current trends in coastal dynamics&#44; combined with nearshore recession driven by sea-level rise&#44; could result in the near extinction of almost half of the beaches worldwide by the end of the century &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675">Vousdoukas et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Approximately 42&#46;4&#37; of the Brazilian semi-arid coast is facing erosion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">Morais et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">Paula et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670">Vital et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; The vulnerability of this region and the continuation of this process will lead to considerable losses of coastal land in the coming decades&#44; thereby affecting economies and low-lying human communities&#44; increased groundwater hazards&#44; and livelihoods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Franco et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Befus et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; a non-linear increase in the erosion intensity is also expected due to the decrease in precipitation along this coast&#44; which will increase the eolian transport of sediment from the shore to the mainland &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">Muehe&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; This lack of sediments amplifies the vulnerability of semi-arid coastal areas to erosion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">Muehe&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#44; while possibly increasing the size of dune fields&#46; This in turn may lead to siltation and burial of continental water bodies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525">Pinheiro et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630">Tsoar et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; which will have severe consequences for estuarine and lagoon habitats&#46; Coupled with local factors&#44; such as river damming&#44; these processes have already decreased the input of sediments to shallow marine areas&#44; including sandy beaches &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These ongoing processes may result in serious modifications of the coastal dynamics&#44; thereby impacting the structure and function of adjacent marine ecosystems &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; seagrass beds and coral reefs&#41; and compromising the production of vital environmental goods and services&#44; such as coastline stabilization and freshwater provision&#46; In such a scenario&#44; management actions such as mapping erosion-susceptible regions&#44; protecting coastal vegetation and regulating coastal occupation are primordial&#46; Thus&#44; to understand the alterations caused by environmental changes in these ecosystems&#44; we pose the following question&#58; how do sea-level rise and the increase in coastal erosion determine the resistance and&#47;or resilience of these semi-arid coastal ecosystems to external disturbances and disorders&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Decrease in land-ocean fluxes and alteration of biogeochemical processes</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More than half of the rivers worldwide are intermittent or ephemeral&#44; meaning that they can naturally cease their flow or remain completely dry for a long time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Datry et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; These rivers are commonly present in hot semi-arid regions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">Pusey et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Most rivers along the Brazilian semi-arid coast are small and intermittent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390">Maltchik and Medeiros&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; During the dry season&#44; sediments accumulate in the river channels and the freshwater flow is almost nonexistent&#46; The connection between the land and the ocean is commonly maintained by the intrusion of saltwater caused by high tides&#46; Therefore&#44; transitional systems have an estuarine-lagoon morphology and are frequently subjected to hypersalinity&#46; However&#44; during the wet season&#44; intense but short-lived rainfall carries sediments&#44; nutrients&#44; and contaminants to the ocean and establishes typical estuarine circulation&#46; This results in intense exchanges of matter and energy between the continent-ocean interface&#44; which is a fundamental process for local coastal dynamics in the inner continental shelf&#46; Moreover&#44; acidic ocean waters can alter heavy metal&#8217;s dynamics and increase their bioavailability and toxicity&#46; These pollutants can decrease CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> sequestration by the blue carbon ecosystems accelerating climate changes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710">Zeng et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; coastal regions&#44; such as the Brazilian semiarid coast&#44; are more vulnerable to the impact of acidification due to large influxes of pollutants from land-based sources and hypoxia levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">Melzner et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; In this sense&#44; environmental protection from coastal pollution has a large potential for mitigating ocean acidification risk &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710">Zeng et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Cotovicz et al&#46;&#44; 2020b</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; changes in the drainage of the river basins in the past three decades &#40;especially after the construction of multiple dams&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">Molisani et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41; combined with climate-change-driven reductions in rainfall &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Cunha et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41; have reduced the freshwater inputs during the rainy season&#44; thereby compromising the pivotal land-ocean fluxes&#46; This reduction increases the water residence time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41; and the sediment accumulation in the inner river areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">Morais and Pinheiro&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Godoy and Lacerda&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#44; thereby perennializing the tide-dominated status of such estuaries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">Pinheiro and Morais&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">Medeiros et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the residence time of estuarine water increases&#44; the reactivity of many substances is enhanced&#46; Trace metals of environmental significance&#44; such as mercury&#44; become more reactive&#46; Their bioavailability can also increase by complexing with dissolved organic carbon&#46; Paradoxically&#44; this is the opposite of the phenomenon observed in the Arctic Ocean&#44; in which increasing flows of mercury into the ocean and bioaccumulation in biota are associated with increased river discharge due to the melting of glaciers and continental ice &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Dai et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; The phenomenon of increasing pollutant mobilization due to global changes is independent of the variations in emissions and is stronger in extreme ecosystems worldwide&#59; it has been described as an &#8220;Arctic Paradox&#8221; by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Lacerda et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;</a>&#46; Thus&#44; the levels of a contaminant in the local biota are increasing even when the total load of the pollutant is generally decreasing&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This process is claimed to cause increasing mercury exposure in local consumers of fishery products on the semi-arid coast&#46; Moreover&#44; it is hypothesized that the accumulation of mercury could be an indirect consequence of the increase in semi-arid mangrove areas because it expands the metabolism-based dissimilatory SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-</span> reduction to a larger portion of the estuary &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; The longer water residence time in the dry period leads to a longer flooding time in the upper estuary&#44; thereby leading to the production of large amounts of mercury-organic complexes due to the incomplete respiration of organic matter by anaerobes&#46; The complexes are then transported to the lower estuarine areas where they bioaccumulate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0001">Vaisman et al&#46;&#44; 2005&#59; Rios et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Landward mangrove expansion has been reported in the Brazilian semi-arid coast as saline intrusion increases toward upstream areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Godoy and Lacerda&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Godoy et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; This increase&#44; along with mangrove erosion next to beaches and river mouths&#44; contributes to the remobilization of sediments and to the release of sulfur-metallic compounds&#44; thereby dissociating them and releasing the metals to the water column&#44; where they are much more bioavailable &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">Marins et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; For this reason&#44; efficient dam management to avoid sediment retention could help to minimize such effects&#46; Thus&#44; to better understand the responses of these ecosystems to this changing scenario&#44; we pose the following question&#58; how will changes in sediment remobilization caused by low land-ocean exchanges alter biogeochemical processes in semi-arid ecosystems&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Global warming&#44; intensity&#44; and frequency of extreme events</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The occurrence of extreme events&#44; such as heatwaves&#44; temperature increases&#44; intense and frequent droughts&#44; and annual rainfall reduction&#44; have been predicted and reported in the Brazilian semi-arid coast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">Kundzewicz et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; The average marine heatwave &#40;MHW&#41; frequency was close to 3 events per year from 1982 to 2020 in some Brazilian coastal regions&#44; but was more than 10 events per year in this low-latitude coast&#46; The frequency of MHW events has increased in the last 40 years&#44; and a clear trend of a 0&#46;2&#8239;&#176;C temperature increase per decade was detected in the Brazilian semi-arid coast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; These recent results indicate that the Brazilian semi-arid coast is one of the most-affected regions by climate change impacts&#44; such as global warming&#44; acidification&#44; and extreme events such as heatwaves &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">2017</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A gradual increase in the temperature of 0&#46;5&#8239;&#176;C and 1&#46;0&#8239;&#176;C is expected by 2040 and 2070&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">PBMC&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; This increased warming trend and MHWs are currently impacting distinct semi-arid ecosystems&#44; such as marginal reefs subjected to coral bleaching &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41; and short low-inflow estuaries under hypersaline conditions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; The temperature increase is also expected to impair the trophic transfer efficiency from the individual level via changes in growth costs and carbon-use efficiency to the ecosystem level &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Barneche et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A global-scale analysis of coastal species has shown abundant changes linked to warming&#44; with richness declines expected in equatorward areas in the next five decades because of failures to adapt to rapid climate change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Hastings et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Given that the ranges of marine species are closely related to their physiological thermal tolerances&#44; global warming may lead to increases in abundance poleward and decreases in abundance toward the equator &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Hastings et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; which is where the Brazilian semi-arid coast is located &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Acidification is another global stressor &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Cotovicz et al&#46;&#44; 2020b</a>&#41; that represents an additional impair mainly to calcifier organisms&#44; some of them with key habitat-forming importance &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; corals and coralline algae&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Crook et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41; and socioeconomic relevance &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; bivalves in brackish waters&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680">Waldbusser et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; determining how semi-arid coastal ecosystems respond to the increased frequency of predicted extreme events in the context of global climate change is pivotal for improving the predictions of community dynamics under climate change&#46; Moreover&#44; management actions&#44; such as improving prediction models of regions susceptible to extreme events &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; storm surges and floods&#41;&#44; better control of coastal occupations&#44; and protection of coastal vegetation are key to deal with these global changes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due urbanization&#44; aquaculture&#44; agriculture&#44; eutrophication&#44; and land use change</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Brazilian semi-arid coastal urbanization process accelerated during the 20th century owing to intense human migration from inland areas to coastal areas related to prolonged droughts and the desire to seek refuge and better living conditions&#46; This growth became more pronounced when development activities&#44; such as the installation of ports&#44; shrimp farms&#44; industries&#44; and services&#44; were initiated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Cerqueira et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; The intense land use and uneven distribution of governmental and private investments resulted in segregated and socially unequal access to the city&#44; which resulted in several areas with deficient sanitation and sewage systems and high demands for housing&#44; employment&#44; and income&#46; These areas put pressure on coastal ecosystems &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; dunes&#44; coral reefs&#44; estuaries&#44; and beaches&#41; through water and soil contamination&#44; eutrophication&#44; siltation&#44; and the removal of vegetation cover&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increase in urbanization caused strong deleterious changes&#46; The reduction and fragmentation of vegetation cover in northeastern Brazil are prominent owing to the link between vegetation &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; mangrove forests&#41; and other ecosystem components&#46; Vegetation is a main attribute of conservation of terrestrial biodiversity and environmental services&#44; and its loss will result in poorer ecosystems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">Moro et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Among other changes&#44; urbanization causes soil compaction and waterproofing &#40;caused by buildings and pavement&#41;&#44; hydrological destabilization &#40;resulting from hydric works or the imbalance between the withdrawal and return of water in water bodies&#41;&#44; and water quality deterioration with eutrophication &#40;either due to source pollution from sanitary and industrial sewage or diffuse pollution from surface runoff carrying livestock residues&#44; mineral fertilizers&#44; or pesticides&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Adams et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#44; thereby directly impacting the coastal ecosystem &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">Martins et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main impacts on these ecosystems have been known in the Brazilian scientific literature since 2004&#44; in which <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Gorayeb et al&#46; &#40;2004&#41;</a> identified mangrove deforestation as a major damage to the Pacoti estuary &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3 and 4</a>&#41;&#44; mainly due to the use of firewood to produce charcoal for domestic consumption and inadequate garbage disposal&#46; Moreover&#44; tourism and leisure activities without proper planning and mismanagement near the mouth of the rivers are other significant threats&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some parameters are strong indicators of human influence on water quality and determinants of negative ecological impacts in coastal environments&#44; such as biodegradable organic matter&#44; which promotes the depletion of dissolved oxygen and hypoxia in shallow-water urbanized estuaries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">MacPherson et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#59; lower dissolved oxygen in hypereutrophic estuaries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Dai et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#59; increased inorganic nutrients &#40;mainly in the forms of NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#44; NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#47;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#44; PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;&#44; which cause eutrophication&#44; harmful algae blooms&#44; and imbalances in primary productivity and the food chain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Cerqueira et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">Malone and Newton&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#59; turbidity&#44; which causes obstruction of light and decreased photosynthetic activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">MacPherson et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#59; and pathogenic microorganisms&#44; which pose risks to public health through bathing or through consumption of contaminated seafood in beaches&#44; mangroves&#44; and estuaries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">Lipp et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; Considering this complex scenario&#44; we raise the following multicomponent question&#58; how do environmental variations&#44; anthropogenic changes&#44; and the context of global change affect ecosystem services and human communities&#63; Answering this question is crucial to guiding stakeholders in creating accessible public policies aimed at preserving both traditional human populations and natural ecosystems&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusions and final remarks</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We raised five main environmental issues concerning the Brazilian semi-arid coast and proposed fundamental socioecological questions to guide future research in the field &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; Understanding the structure and functions of these dry coastal ecosystems will help to clarify the intricate relationships and connectivity between the different communities in the land-ocean continuum&#46; This&#44; together with participatory data collection&#44; will generate information to understand how biodiversity is related to stability under global environmental changes&#46; Understanding the ongoing impacts on traditional communities living in this semi-arid coastal zone is pivotal to building science-based actions to support their livelihoods and decrease social inequality&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regional&#47;local &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; shrimp farming and organic pollution&#41; and global-scale pressures &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; marine heatwaves and extreme droughts&#41; act concomitantly &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; cumulative or synergistically&#41;&#44; driving species-specific effects and&#44; consequently&#44; deep changes in the current and future state of semiarid coastal ecosystems such as mangroves &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">Marins et al&#46;&#44; 2020&#59; Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41; and coral reefs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Climate change could modify the resistance or resilience of coastal ecosystems&#44; potentially making them more vulnerable to human impacts &#40;i&#46;e&#46; overfishing and deforestation&#41;&#44; and direct impacts may amplify climate change constraints in coastal ecosystems&#46; Such drastic changes will have severe and negative effects on the energy budgets of key organisms as well as on their phenology and population viability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">Rossi et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These historically neglected human populations have been heavily impacted by decreases in both environmental and human health status&#46; They were recently affected by the largest environmental disaster in Brazilian history &#40;an oil spill that reached the northeastern Brazilian coast in 2019&#47;2020&#41; and by the COVID-19 pandemic&#44; which was intensified by the high levels of poverty and social inequality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">Magalh&#227;es et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Between 2011 and 2017&#44; the Brazilian northeast faced recurrent drought events&#44; which were considered the most intense in terms of duration&#44; severity&#44; and recurrence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Cunha et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Droughts are associated with serious global economic and social losses and affect more people than any other natural disaster &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Keyantash and Dracup&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this context&#44; interdisciplinary ecological and socioeconomic indicators that can monitor the effects of global climate change are essential to define&#44; characterize&#44; and quantify the consequences of this phenomenon on the drought-prone coast and society&#44; especially vulnerable populations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Andrade and Soares&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545">Queiroz et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; An effective strategy is to identify and monitor processes that not only confirm that the climate is changing&#44; but also indicate how and to what extent this will affect ecosystem goods and services &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">2012</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">2020</a>&#41;&#46; Such ecosystem services include blue carbon stocks and sequestration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Macreadie et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#44; of which Brazil is an important global provider through mangroves&#44; macroalgae&#44; saltmarshes&#44; and seagrass beds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635">Turra and Denadai&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Gouv&#234;a et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; mangroves on the semi-arid coast of Brazil capture&#44; on average&#44; more carbon &#40;above- and belowground&#41; per hectare &#40;413&#8239;Mg&#8239;C&#8239;ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; than the Amazon rainforest &#40;approximately 280&#8239;Mg&#8239;C&#8239;ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; with values close to that of the Amazonian mangrove forest &#40;511&#8239;Mg&#8239;C&#8239;ha<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; which has the highest average carbon capture per hectare in Brazil &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Kauffman et al&#46;&#44; 2018a</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">2018b</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; we do not know how the climate regulation service provided by these estuaries will be affected by mangrove expansion and retraction &#40;Sections &#8220;Decrease in rainfall rates and increase in hypersalinity in estuaries&#8221; and &#8220;Sea-level rise and increase in coastal erosion&#8221;&#41; and the complex impacts of climate change &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Kauffman et al&#46;&#44; 2018a</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Such scientific information will help to develop important science-based tools for use in drought-prone regions by water resource managers&#44; scientists&#44; social movements&#44; community associations&#44; NGOs&#44; society&#44; and local governments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; studying coastal ecosystems under extreme environmental conditions &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; inverse and hypersaline estuaries&#41; in the long term can provide important information for other regions of Brazil and the world that are undergoing increasing aridity&#46; Many other ecosystems will be impacted by similar stressors in the short&#44; mid&#44; or long term&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the changes&#44; impacts&#44; and five questions presented here &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41; to guide the structure of coastal research strategies and to provide access to long-term scientific data can benefit scarcely known semi-arid systems and unknown adjacent submarine areas&#46; This can help to predict the effects of environmental changes on the sustainability of ecosystem goods and services&#46; Moreover&#44; the five questions can guide science-based proposals of public policies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41; aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and the actions&#47;goals in the context of the ongoing UN Decade of Oceanic Science for Sustainable Development &#40;2021&#8211;2030&#41; in Brazil and similar semi-arid coasts worldwide&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Declaration of interests</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:11 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1558565"
          "titulo" => "Graphical abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1558563"
          "titulo" => "Highlights"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1558564"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1406310"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Brazilian semi-arid coast"
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Main environmental changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Decrease in rainfall rates and increase in hypersalinity in estuaries"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Sea-level rise and increase in coastal erosion"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Decrease in land-ocean fluxes and alteration of biogeochemical processes"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Global warming&#44; intensity&#44; and frequency of extreme events"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due urbanization&#44; aquaculture&#44; agriculture&#44; eutrophication&#44; and land use change"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions and final remarks"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Declaration of interests"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack549486"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-03-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-06-03"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1406310"
          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Climate change"
            1 => "Sea-level rise"
            2 => "Droughts"
            3 => "Hypersalinity"
            4 => "Erosion"
            5 => "Mangroves"
            6 => "Estuaries"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Understanding the impacts on the Brazilian semi-arid coast&#44; which is a drought-prone area &#40;&#62;1000&#8239;km&#41; in the tropical Atlantic&#44; and how ecosystems survive and adapt to such extreme environments requires socioecological studies to create a theory for conservation&#46; Here&#44; we highlight five main ongoing changes in tropical semi-arid areas&#44; namely &#40;1&#41; the decrease in rainfall rates due to climate change&#44; which alters freshwater flows&#44; alters water residence times&#44; and promotes hypersalinity &#40;&#62;37&#41; in low-inflow estuaries&#59; &#40;2&#41; sea-level rise&#44; groundwater hazards&#44; increased erosion of beaches and nearshore mangroves&#44; and landward mangrove forest expansion due to enhanced saline intrusion along river basins&#59; &#40;3&#41; the decrease in land-ocean fluxes due to silting and closure of sandy bars in estuarine mouths&#59; &#40;4&#41; warming and increased intensity and frequency of extreme events &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; heat waves&#44; droughts&#44; and sea swells&#41;&#59; and &#40;5&#41; growing eutrophication and hypoxia&#44; loss of vegetation cover and biodiversity due to urbanization&#44; aquaculture &#40;shrimp farming&#41;&#44; agriculture&#44; and land-use change&#44; which includes building dams for water supply&#46; The alteration of biogeochemical processes &#40;&#8220;Arctic Paradox&#8221; hypothesis&#41; and acidification that potentialize the impact of contaminants and nutrients is also highlighted&#46; These impacts have effects on food and water security and multiple trophic levels&#44; which should preferentially be studied through a long-term approach for advancing research&#46; Based on these concerns&#44; we propose key questions that should guide research in the context of the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development &#40;2021&#8211;2030&#41; to support science-based management actions in Brazil and other similar semi-arid areas worldwide&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "highlights" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Highlights"
      "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Changes in the Brazilian semi-arid coast reveal key questions to advance research&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Changes in the semi-arid coast can have consequences in the ecological stability and connectivity&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Modifications of the coastal dynamics can impact structure and function of adjacent marine ecosystems&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Semi-arid coast community dynamics under ongoing climate change should be monitored&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Beaches and nearshore mangroves erosion contrast with mangrove expansion inland&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:7 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1633
            "Ancho" => 3354
            "Tamanyo" => 527913
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0005"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hot &#40;BSh&#44; K&#246;ppen climate classification&#41; semi-arid environments worldwide&#46; Adapted from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Beck et al&#46; &#40;2018&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1609
            "Ancho" => 3333
            "Tamanyo" => 958486
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0010"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Brazilian semi-arid coast &#40;equatorial Southwestern Atlantic&#44; northeastern Brazil&#41;&#46; The west limit is in Maranh&#227;o State &#40;2&#176;15&#8242;5&#8243;S&#44; 43&#176;36&#8242;46&#8243;W&#41; and the east limit is in Rio Grande do Norte State &#40;5&#176;9&#8242;24&#8243;S&#44; 35&#176;30&#8242;6&#8243;W&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1198
            "Ancho" => 1688
            "Tamanyo" => 581579
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0015"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Brazilian semi-arid coast &#40;equatorial Southwestern Atlantic&#44; northeastern Brazil&#41; showing the states included &#40;Maranh&#227;o&#44; Piau&#237;&#44; Cear&#225;&#44; Rio Grande do Norte&#41;&#44; land cover &#40;urban areas&#44; mangroves&#44; natural and artificial water bodies&#44; dunes fields&#41; and main wind direction&#46; Data sources - water bodies&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">ANA &#40;2020&#41;</a>&#59; wind direction&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">Amarante et al&#46; &#40;2001&#41;</a>&#59; Urban areas&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">Farias et al&#46; &#40;2017&#41;</a>&#59; Mangrove areas&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">Freitas et al&#46; &#40;2018&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 834
            "Ancho" => 1688
            "Tamanyo" => 385714
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0020"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main coastal ecosystems located on the Brazilian semi-arid coast&#46; Both aerial drone-photos are from the Pacoti River estuary&#44; Cear&#225; coast&#44; northeastern Brazil&#46; This shallow estuary is seasonally hypersaline &#40;during the dry season&#59; August to December&#41; like most of the short and low-inflow estuaries on the Brazilian semi-arid coast&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1496
            "Ancho" => 2104
            "Tamanyo" => 440764
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0025"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main environmental changes &#40;C1&#8211;C5&#41; in the Brazilian semi-arid coast and their respective scientific questions &#40;Q1&#8211;Q5&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1497
            "Ancho" => 2105
            "Tamanyo" => 366713
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0030"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Science-based management actions recommended to improve awareness&#44; enhance knowledge and capacities&#44; and reinforce ongoing conducts regarding adaptability and mitigation to global changes&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 914
            "Ancho" => 1333
            "Tamanyo" => 126553
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:147 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Abrantes et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Geographic distribution and conservation of seasonal killifishes &#40;Cyprinodontiformes&#44; Rivulidae&#41; from the Mid-Northeastern Caatinga ecoregion&#44; northeastern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00370-X"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Adame et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mangroves in arid regions&#58; ecology&#44; threats&#44; and opportunities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106796"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [ …2]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Adams et al&#46;&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hydrochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo&#44; South Africa"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00370-X"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0002"
              "etiqueta" => "Amarante et al&#46;&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0003"
              "etiqueta" => "ANA&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Andrade and Soares&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Offshore marine protected areas&#58; divergent perceptions of divers and artisanal fishers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.marpol.2016.11.016"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Barneche et al&#46;&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Warming impairs trophic transfer efficiency in a long-term field experiment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/s41586-021-03352-2"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Barros et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seagrass meadows on the northeast coast of Brazil&#58; habitat influence on the spatial and seasonal variations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "Barroso et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Intra-annual variability of phytoplankton biomass and nutrients in a tropical estuary during a severe drought"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.023"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "Beck et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Present and future K&#246;ppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/sdata.2018.214"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "Befus et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Increasing threat of coastal groundwater hazards from sea-level rise in California"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/s41558-020-0874-1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "Bennett et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Communities and change in the anthropocene&#58; understanding social-ecological vulnerability and planning adaptations to multiple interacting exposures"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10113-015-0839-5"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "Breaux et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ecosystem resilience following salinity change in a hypersaline estuary"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106258"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "Campos&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Qual o efeito da hipersalinidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o de cop&#233;podes em um estu&#225;rio tropical&#63; 87f&#46; Tese &#40;Doutorado em Ci&#234;ncias Marinhas Tropicais&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:2 [ …2]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "Canuel et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Climate change impacts on the organic carbon cycle at the land-ocean interface"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105511"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "Carvalho et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Trends of rainfall and temperature in Northeast Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n1p15-23"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "Cavalcante&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da mat&#233;ria org&#226;nica natural no estu&#225;rio do rio Jaguaribe em diferentes esta&#231;&#245;es clim&#225;ticas em anos de seca prolongada&#46; 128 f&#46; Tese &#40;Doutorado em Ci&#234;ncias Marinhas Tropicais&#41;&#46; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Marinhas Tropicais&#44; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias do Mar - Labomar"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:2 [ …2]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "Cerqueira et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of urbanization on water quality in a watershed in northeastern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10661-019-8020-0"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "Cheng et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How fast are the oceans warming&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1126/science.aav7619"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "Claudet et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A roadmap for using the UN Decade of ocean science for sustainable development in support of science&#44; policy&#44; and action"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.012"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "Costa et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seagrass and rhodolith beds are important seascapes for the development of fish eggs and larvae in tropical coastal areas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105064"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "Costanza et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Changes in the global value of ecosystem services"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "Cotovicz et al&#46;&#44; 2020a"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Carbon dioxide sources and sinks in the delta of the Para&#237;ba do Sul River &#40;Southeastern Brazil&#41; modulated by carbonate thermodynamics&#44; gas exchange and ecosystem metabolism during estuarine mixing"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103869"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "Cotovicz et al&#46;&#44; 2020b"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Air-sea CO2 flux in an equatorial continental shelf dominated by coral reefs &#40;Southwestern Atlantic Ocean&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.csr.2020.104175"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "Crook et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Calcifying coral abundance near low-pH springs&#58; implicationsfor future ocean acidification"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00338-011-0839-y"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "Cunha et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Extreme drought events over Brazil from 2011 to 2019"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/atmos10110642"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "Dai et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oxygen depletion in the upper reach of the Pearl River estuary during a winter drought"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.020"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "Dai et al&#46;&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Changes in continental freshwater discharge from 1948 to 2004"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1175/2008JCLI2592.1"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "Datry et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "One for All&#44; All for One&#58; A Global River Research Network"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1029/2016EO053587"
                      "Libro" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparative analysis of rating curve and ADP estimates of instantaneous water discharge through estuaries in two contrasting Brazilian rivers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/hyp.7972"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Continental shelf water masses off the Jaguaribe River &#40;4S&#41;&#44; northeastern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.csr.2013.06.005"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Physical characteristics and discharges of suspended particulate matter at the continent-ocean interface in an estuary located in a semi-arid region in northeastern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.006"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "Dias et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tidal and low-frequency currents off the Jaguaribe River estuary &#40;4&#176; S&#44; 37&#176; 4&#8242; W&#41;&#44; northeastern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10236-018-1172-6"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "Douglas et al&#46;&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hydroclimatic variability drives submarine groundwater discharge and nutrient fluxes in an anthropogenically disturbed&#44; semi-arid estuary"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142574"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "du Plooy et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nitrogen uptake dynamics of a persistent cyanobacterium <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cyanothece</span> sp&#46; bloom in Lake St Lucia&#44; South Africa"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2989/1814232X.2014.922124"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "Eissa et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Integrative management of saltwater intrusion in poorly-constrained semi-arid coastal aquifer at Ras El-Hekma&#44; Northwestern Coast&#44; Egypt"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.gsd.2017.10.002"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0004"
              "etiqueta" => "Farias et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "Feitosa and Rezende&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Trophic ecology of the fish Leporinus piau &#40;Characiformes&#58; anostomidae&#41; in an area influenced by a dam in the Parna&#237;ba River"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15517/rbt.v68i2.38641"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "Feyrer et al&#46;&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estuarine fish communities respond to climate variability over both river and ocean basins"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/gcb.12969"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "Franco et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Progn&#243;stico da Eros&#227;o Costeira no Litoral Setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte para os anos de 2020&#44; 2030 e 2040"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "Freitas et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mangrove oyster &#40;Crassostrea rhizophorae&#41; &#40;Guilding&#44; 1928&#41; farming areas as artificial reefs for fish&#58; a case study in the state of Cear&#225;&#44; Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/S1679-87592006000100003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0006"
              "etiqueta" => "Freitas et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mapas dos manguezais do Brasil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "Funceme&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Calend&#225;rio das Chuvas no Estado do Cear&#225;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:2 [ …2]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "Garcia et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mesozooplankton community of a dammed estuary in Brazilian semi-arid region"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.21411/CBM.A.3B7F837B"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "Godoy and Lacerda&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Changes in estuarine islands and rainfall trends in the Jaguaribe River watershed&#44; Cear&#225; State&#44; Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "Godoy and Lacerda&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mangroves response to climate change&#58; a review of recent findings on mangrove extension and distribution"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/0001-3765201520150055"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "Godoy et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mangrove response to land use change in estuaries along the semi-arid coast of Cear&#225;&#44; Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00138.1"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "Gorayeb et al&#46;&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Meio Ambiente e condi&#231;&#245;es de sustentabilidade da plan&#237;cie fl&#250;vio-marinha do rio Pacoti &#8211; Cear&#225; &#8211; Brasil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5216/rev.geoambie.v0i2.25861"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "Gouv&#234;a et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Golden carbon of Sargassum forests revealed as an opportunity for climate change mitigation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138745"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "Guannel et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The power of three&#58; coral reefs&#44; seagrasses and mangroves protect coastal regions and increase their resilience"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0158094"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "Hallett et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Observed and predicted impacts of climate change on the estuaries of south-western Australia&#44; a Mediterranean climate region"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10113-017-1264-8"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "Hastings et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Climate change drives poleward increases and equatorward declines in marine species"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.043"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            52 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "Hemraj et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Plankton bioindicators of environmental conditions in coastal lagoons"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2016.10.045"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            53 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "Hossain et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Salinity stress response in estuarine fishes from the Murray Estuary and Coorong&#44; South Australia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10695-016-0241-3"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            54 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "Huxman et al&#46;&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Precipitation pulses and carbon fluxes in semi-arid and arid ecosystems"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00442-004-1682-4"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            55 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "IPCC&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            56 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "Johnson et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hypersalinity affects leaf and meristem O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> dynamics exposing meristems to H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>S in the dominant tropical seagrass <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thalassia testudinum</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jembe.2020.151458"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            57 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "Kauffman et al&#46;&#44; 2018a"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Carbon stocks of mangroves and salt marshes of the Amazon region&#44; Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1098/rsbl.2018.0208"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            58 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "Kauffman et al&#46;&#44; 2018b"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Shrimp ponds lead to massive loss of soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in Northeastern Brazilian mangroves"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ece3.4079"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            59 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "Keyantash and Dracup&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The quantification of drought&#58; an evaluation of drought indices"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1167"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            60 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "Keys et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Anthropocene risk"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/s41893-019-0327-x"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            61 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "Kjerfve et al&#46;&#44; 1996"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hydrology and salt balance in a large&#44; hypersaline coastal lagoon&#58; Lagoa de Araruama&#44; Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1006/ecss.1996.0045"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            62 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "Kundzewicz et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Flood risk and climate change&#58; global and regional perspectives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/02626667.2013.857411"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            63 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mudan&#231;as clim&#225;ticas globais&#58; ca&#231;ando indicadores no Nordeste brasileiro"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            64 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "O paradoxo &#225;rtico&#58; impacto das mudan&#231;as clim&#225;ticas sobre Rios &#193;rticos e do semi&#225;rido aumentam a exporta&#231;&#227;o de merc&#250;rio para o oceano"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5935/1984-6835.20120034"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            65 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            66 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0315"
              "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An Arctic paradox&#58; response of fluvial Hg inputs and bioavailability to global climate change in an extreme coastal environment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/feart.2020.00093"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            67 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "Lacerda et al&#46;&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "20-years cumulative impact from shrimp farming on mangroves of Northeast Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/ffgc.2021.653096"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [ …2]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            68 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0325"
              "etiqueta" => "Lancelot and Muylaert&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Trends in estuarine phytoplankton ecology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00703-8"
                      "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            69 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0330"
              "etiqueta" => "Largier&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Low-inflow estuaries&#58; hypersaline&#44; inverse and thermal scenarios"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1017/CBO9780511676567.010"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            70 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0335"
              "etiqueta" => "Larrue et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The use of vascular plant densities to estimate the age of undated lava flows in semi-arid areas of Fogo Island &#40;Cape Verde&#44; Atlantic Ocean&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.104042"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            71 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "Lessa et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Variability of the thermohaline field in a large tropical&#44; well-mixed estuary&#58; the influence of an extreme draught event"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12237-019-00641-y"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            72 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "Lipp et al&#46;&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effects of seasonal variability and weather on microbial fecal pollution and enteric pathogens in a subtropical estuary"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2307/1352950"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            73 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0350"
              "etiqueta" => "Lopez et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Radioactive and stable isotope measurements reveal saline submarine groundwater discharge in a semi-arid estuary"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125395"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            74 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "MacPherson et al&#46;&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Water column oxygen demand and sediment oxygen flux&#58; patterns of oxygen depletion in tidal creeks"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10750-007-0643-4"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            75 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0360"
              "etiqueta" => "Macreadie et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The future of blue carbon science"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/s41467-019-11693-w"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            76 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "Mafi-Gholami et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modelling multi-decadal mangrove leaf area index in response to drought along the semi-arid southern coasts of Iran"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.462"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            77 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "Magalh&#227;es et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oil spill&#43; COVID-19&#58; a disastrous year for Brazilian seagrass conservation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142872"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            78 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "Maia and Lima&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater saline intrusion in the Western shore of Cear&#225;&#44; North-Eastern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            79 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0380"
              "etiqueta" => "Maia et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Benthic estuarine assemblages of the Northeastern Brazil Marine ecoregion"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-77779-5_3"
                      "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            80 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
              "etiqueta" => "Malone and Newton&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The globalization of cultural eutrophication in the coastal ocean&#58; causes and consequences"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/fmars.2020.00670"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            81 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0390"
              "etiqueta" => "Maltchik and Medeiros&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Conservation importance of semi-arid streams in north-eastern Brazil&#58; implications of hydrological disturbance and species diversity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/aqc.805"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            82 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0395"
              "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Drought in Northeast Brazil&#8212;past&#44; present&#44; and future"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00704-016-1840-8"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            83 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0400"
              "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Climatic characteristics of the 2010-2016 drought in the semi-arid Northeast Brazil region"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            84 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0405"
              "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Climatic characteristics of the 2010-2016 drought in the semi-arid Northeast Brazil region"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/0001-3765201720170206"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            85 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0410"
              "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Increase risk of drought in the semi-arid Lands of Northeast Brazil due to regional warming above 4 &#176;C"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-92881-4_7"
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            86 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0415"
              "etiqueta" => "Marengo et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessing drought in the drylands of northeast Brazil under regional warming exceeding 4 &#176;C"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11069-020-04097-3"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            87 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0420"
              "etiqueta" => "Marins et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Phosphorus and suspended matter retention in mangroves affected by shrimp farm effluents in NE Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/0001-3765202020200758"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            88 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0425"
              "etiqueta" => "Martins et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The impact of coastal urbanization on the structure of phytobenthic communities in southern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.031"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            89 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0430"
              "etiqueta" => "Medeiros et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Varia&#231;&#227;o Longitudinal Da Salinidade do estu&#225;rio hipersalino do rio Apodi&#47;Mossor&#243; &#40;Rio Grande do norte&#44; Brasil&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            90 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0435"
              "etiqueta" => "Melzner et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Future ocean acidification will be amplified by hypoxia in coastal habitats"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00227-012-1954-1"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            91 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0440"
              "etiqueta" => "Molisani et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estimation of the freshwater river discharge to estuaries in"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.32360/acmar.v39i1-2.6173"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            92 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0445"
              "etiqueta" => "Morais and Pinheiro&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of semi-aridity and damming on sedimentary dynamics in estuaries-Northeastern region of Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            93 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0450"
              "etiqueta" => "Morais et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cear&#225;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            94 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0455"
              "etiqueta" => "Moro et al&#46;&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Vegeta&#231;&#227;o&#44; unidades fitoecol&#243;gicas e diversidade paisag&#237;stica do estado do Cear&#225;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/2175-7860201566305"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            95 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0460"
              "etiqueta" => "Moro et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A phytogeographical metaanalysis of the semiarid Caatinga domain in Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12229-016-9164-z"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            96 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0465"
              "etiqueta" => "Mounier et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Determining the influence of urbanization on mangrove zones of northeastern Brazil&#58; characterization of cear&#225; state coastal zone organic matter inputs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-73016-5_10"
                      "Libro" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            97 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0470"
              "etiqueta" => "Muehe&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Brazilian coastal vulnerability to climate change"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            98 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0475"
              "etiqueta" => "Nche-Fambo et al&#46;&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Resilience of estuarine phytoplankton and their temporal variability along salinity gradientes during drought and hypersalinity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2015.03.011"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            99 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0480"
              "etiqueta" => "Nicolodi and Petermann&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mudan&#231;as Clim&#225;ticas e a Vulnerabilidade da Zona Costeira do Brasil&#58; aspectos ambientais&#44; sociais e tecnol&#243;gicos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            100 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0485"
              "etiqueta" => "Nilin et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sediment quality assessment in a tropical estuary&#58; the case of Cear&#225; River&#44; Northeastern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.009"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            101 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0490"
              "etiqueta" => "Paula et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Piau&#237;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            102 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0495"
              "etiqueta" => "PBMC&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Base cient&#237;fica das mudan&#231;as clim&#225;ticas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            103 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0500"
              "etiqueta" => "Pelage et al&#46;&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A case study in Brazilian tropical estuaries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107184"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            104 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0505"
              "etiqueta" => "Pillay and Perissinotto&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The benthic macrofauna of the St&#46; Lucia Estuary during 939 the 2005 drought year"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2007.09.004"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            105 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0510"
              "etiqueta" => "Pillay and Perissinotto&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Community structure of epibenthic meiofauna in the St&#46; 942 Lucia Estuarine Lake &#40;South Africa&#41; during a drought phase"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2008.10.014"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            106 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0515"
              "etiqueta" => "Pimm et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction&#44; distribution&#44; and protection"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1126/science.1246752"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            107 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0520"
              "etiqueta" => "Pinheiro and Morais&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Interfer&#234;ncias de barramentos no regime hidrol&#243;gico do estu&#225;rio do rio Cat&#250;-Cear&#225;-Nordeste do Brasil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/S1982-45132010000200002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            108 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0525"
              "etiqueta" => "Pinheiro et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Erosive processes monitoring linked to the estuarine evolution systems nearby Aguas Belas&#44; Cascavel&#44; Cear&#225;&#44; Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            109 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0530"
              "etiqueta" => "Pinheiro et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The Beaches of Cear&#225;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-30394-9_7"
                      "Libro" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            110 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0535"
              "etiqueta" => "Poulter et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/nature13376"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            111 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0540"
              "etiqueta" => "Pusey et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Widespread omnivory and low temporal and spatial variation in the diet of fishes in a hydrologically variable northern Australian river"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02712.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            112 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0545"
              "etiqueta" => "Queiroz et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Neglected ecosystem services&#58; highlighting the socio-cultural perception of mangroves in decision-making processes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.013"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            113 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0550"
              "etiqueta" => "Rios et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Long-term &#40;2002&#8211;2015&#41; changes in mercury contamination in NE Brazil depicted by the mangrove oyster Crassostraea rhizophorae &#40;Guilding&#44; 1828&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00128-016-1855-y"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            114 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0555"
              "etiqueta" => "Rossi et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Changes of energy fluxes in marine animal forests of the Anthropocene&#58; factors shaping the future seascape"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/icesjms/fsz147"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            115 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0560"
              "etiqueta" => "Sahraoui et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Driving factors of the potentially toxic and harmful species of Prorocentrum ehrenberg in a semi-enclosed Mediterranean lagoon &#40;Tunisia&#44; SW Mediterranean&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.12681/mms.338"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            116 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0565"
              "etiqueta" => "Santos and Silva&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seasonality&#44; interannual variability&#44; and linear tendency of wind speeds in the Northeast Brazil from 1986 to 2011"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1155/2013/490857"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            117 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0570"
              "etiqueta" => "Santos et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modelling Dunes from Len&#231;&#243;is Maranhenses National park &#40;Brazil&#41;&#58; largest dune field in South America"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/s41598-019-43735-0"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            118 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0575"
              "etiqueta" => "Sanz et al&#46;&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the east coast of Spain&#58; relevance of dry deposition in semi-arid Mediterranean regions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00318-9"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            119 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0580"
              "etiqueta" => "Saunders et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Interdependency of tropical marine ecosystems in response to climate change"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/nclimate2274"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            120 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0585"
              "etiqueta" => "Schettini et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Circulation and transport in short&#44; low-inflow estuaries under anthropogenic stresses"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rsma.2017.01.004"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            121 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0590"
              "etiqueta" => "Schwinning et al&#46;&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thresholds&#44; memory&#44; and seasonality&#58; understanding pulse dynamics in arid&#47;semi-arid ecosystems"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00442-004-1683-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            122 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0595"
              "etiqueta" => "Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Brazilian marine animal forests&#58; a new world to discover in the Southwestern Atlantic"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-21012-4_51"
                      "Libro" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            123 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0600"
              "etiqueta" => "Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thermal stress and tropical reefs&#58; mass coral bleaching in a stable temperature environment&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12526-019-00994-4"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            124 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0605"
              "etiqueta" => "Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oil spill in South Atlantic &#40;Brazil&#41;&#58; environmental and governmental disaster"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103879"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            125 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0610"
              "etiqueta" => "Soares et al&#46;&#44; 2021"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Climate change and local impacts threaten Brazilian reefs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ …3]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            126 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0615"
              "etiqueta" => "Teixeira and Machado&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "On the temporal variability of the sea surface temperature on the Tropical Southwest Atlantic Continental"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2112/SI65-350.1"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            127 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0620"
              "etiqueta" => "Tessler&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Potencial de risco natural&#46; Pp&#46; 93-120"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            128 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0625"
              "etiqueta" => "Tirok and Scharler&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dynamics of pelagic and benthic microalgae during drought conditions in a shallow estuarine lake &#40;Lake St&#46; Lucia&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ecss.2012.12.023"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            129 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0630"
              "etiqueta" => "Tsoar et al&#46;&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of climate change on the mobility and stability of coastal sand dunes in Cear&#225; State &#40;NE Brazil&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.yqres.2008.12.001"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            130 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0635"
              "etiqueta" => "Turra and Denadai&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            131 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0640"
              "etiqueta" => "Tweedley et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            132 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0645"
              "etiqueta" => "Utida et al&#46;&#44; 2019"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            133 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0001"
              "etiqueta" => "Vaisman et al&#46;&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            134 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0650"
              "etiqueta" => "Valderrama-Landeros et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            135 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0655"
              "etiqueta" => "Valentim et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            136 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0660"
              "etiqueta" => "Verissimo et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            137 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0665"
              "etiqueta" => "Vilas et al&#46;&#44; 2009"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            138 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0670"
              "etiqueta" => "Vital et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [ …1]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            139 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0675"
              "etiqueta" => "Vousdoukas et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            140 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0680"
              "etiqueta" => "Waldbusser et al&#46;&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            141 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0685"
              "etiqueta" => "Waters et al&#46;&#44; 2016"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            142 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0690"
              "etiqueta" => "Weatherall et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            143 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0695"
              "etiqueta" => "Wetz et al&#46;&#44; 2017"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            144 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0700"
              "etiqueta" => "Wu et al&#46;&#44; 2020"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            145 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0705"
              "etiqueta" => "Ximenes N&#46; et al&#46;&#44; 2018"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            146 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0710"
              "etiqueta" => "Zeng et al&#46;&#44; 2015"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [ …2]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack549486"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This perspective article outlines the Brazilian Semi-Arid Coast Long Term Ecological Research Project &#40;PELD-CSB&#41; and the first research site on this coastline focusing on the following main scientific question&#58; how do climatic and environmental variability in the semi-arid coast affect organisms&#44; populations&#44; and communities&#63; We thank the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</span> &#40;Research Productivity Fellowship Nos&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">307061&#47;2017</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">309140&#47;2018-8&#44; 310165&#47;2020-2</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">313518&#47;2020-3</span>&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">PELD Costa Semi&#225;rida do Brasil-CSB</span> &#40;No&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0010">442337&#47;2020-5</span>&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0015">CAPES-PRINT</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0020">CAPES-PNPD</span> &#40;HSB Fellowship&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0025">MCTIC&#47;CNPq 28&#47;2018 &#8211; Universal 423628&#47;2018-6&#44; Pronex PR2-0101-00052&#46;01&#46;00&#47;15&#44; INCT AmbTropic</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0030">Funda&#231;&#227;o Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</span> &#40;Chief Scientist Program&#41; for their financial support&#46; This is PELD-CSB contribution &#35;2&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000523/v1_202108110648/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "65410"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Essays and Perspectives"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/25300644/0000001900000003/v1_202108110648/S2530064421000523/v1_202108110648/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00006K&text.app=https://perspectecolconserv.com/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530064421000523?idApp=UINPBA00006K"
]

Article information

ISSN: 25300644
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.001

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	23	8	31
2024 October	141	60	201
2024 September	143	32	175
2024 August	119	28	147
2024 July	123	29	152
2024 June	105	37	142
2024 May	67	61	128
2024 April	58	36	94
2024 March	65	39	104
2024 February	61	31	92
2024 January	57	36	93
2023 December	55	27	82
2023 November	60	50	110
2023 October	58	33	91
2023 September	44	40	84
2023 August	48	29	77
2023 July	28	28	56
2023 June	31	20	51
2023 May	64	35	99
2023 April	39	21	60
2023 March	48	27	75
2023 February	42	27	69
2023 January	34	37	71
2022 December	50	39	89
2022 November	58	48	106
2022 October	61	43	104
2022 September	32	46	78
2022 August	38	39	77
2022 July	83	41	124
2022 June	47	42	89
2022 May	42	50	92
2022 April	187	50	237
2022 March	83	54	137
2022 February	62	48	110
2022 January	104	65	169
2021 December	54	61	115
2021 November	64	40	104
2021 October	48	50	98
2021 September	54	38	92
2021 August	51	62	113
2021 July	39	51	90
2021 June	4	10	14

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter