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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The world&#8217;s forests carry out fundamental ecological functions that are direct and indirect determinants of human well-being&#44; widely known as ecosystem services &#40;ES&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment&#44; 2005</a>&#41; or&#44; in the recent evolution of the term&#44; as nature&#8217;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41;&#46; NCPs are a broader conception of coproduced contributions by nature and people through different worldviews and knowledge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">D&#237;az et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">IPBES&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Forty-four per cent of global forest area is found in tropical countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Keenan et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Tropical forests contain most of the world&#39;s biodiversity and produce a large number of NCPs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Foley et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; They provide 50&#37; of carbon stored in plant biomass &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Abbas et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; and 32&#37; in the soil &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Pan et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; the interference of water balance through evapotranspiration and moisture recycling are among the major contributions of rainforests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">Weng et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41; and&#44; in these ecosystems&#44; vegetation and litter cover controls water erosion&#46; Although the role of biodiversity &#40;in this case forests&#41; in supplying these and other NCPs has been demonstrated&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the interdependence between biodiversity and NCPs&#44; the effectiveness of actions to confront the impacts of current land-use trends is unclear and does not yet guarantee human well-being and the fulfillment of the sustainability agenda &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Guerry et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Manes et al&#46;&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spatial distribution of NCPs and biodiversity is a function of biophysical conditions and land uses and varies across spatial scales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Bastian&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the relationships between NCPs and biodiversity&#44; as well as between different NCPs&#44; are complex and also differ according to the scale of the analysis &#40;global&#44; national&#44; or subnational&#47;regional&#41; and the biomes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Lecina-Diaz et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">Steur et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Although the scale of analysis affects the relationships between NCPs and biodiversity&#44; this effect have been poorly analyzed and understood in tropical forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">Steur et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; The relationship between NCPs and biodiversity can be characterized as either a synergy&#44; where both increase or decrease together&#44; or a tradeoff&#44; where an increase in one results in a decrease in the other &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">Vallet et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; It is important to analyze both the spatial coincidence and the relationship between NCPs and biodiversity together&#44; as the spatial match between them does not necessarily indicate an increase or decrease in either &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Davids et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Protected Areas &#40;PAs&#41; are widely considered essential for the conservation of biodiversity and provision of vital NCPs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Jung et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Aichi Target 11 of the Strategic Plan for Biological Diversity 2011&#8211;2020 of the Convention on the Biological Diversity &#40;CBD&#41; established that PAs and Other Effective Conservation Measures &#40;OECMs&#41; should increase to 17&#37; of terrestrial and inland water areas by 2020 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">CBD&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; This target increased to 30&#37; in the new Global Biodiversity Framework adopted in 2022 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">CBD&#44; 2022</a>&#41;&#46; The protection of NCPs and their interaction with biodiversity has only recently been included in conservation planning &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Bastian&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Jung et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; The representation of biodiversity in PAs has been widely evaluated globally&#44; and in tropical areas in particular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Lee and Abdullah&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; Studies that focus on the representation of NCPs in PAs are few&#58; some focus on evaluating the representation of a single NCP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385">Tang et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; while others focus on multiple NCPs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Mitchell et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Pellegrini Manh&#227;es et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; Currently&#44; no single indicator assesses protected area coverage of areas with more NCPs at the global level &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Gannon et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41; nor how the degree of protection influences the NCPs they provide &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Lecina-Diaz et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the effectiveness of PAs in the provision of multiple NCPs has been highlighted in many cases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Lecina-Diaz et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#58; carbon storage&#44; water regulation and climate regulation&#46; Few of the analyses of the spatial coincidences and the relationship between NCPs and biodiversity hotspots and the PA network are in South America &#40;but see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Armenteras et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Pellegrini Manh&#227;es et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">Silveira et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; These studies identified the exclusion of significant areas in the PA network and highlighted the importance of NCPs mapping for planning PAs and carrying out conservation management&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peru is a megadiverse country with a privileged forest cover&#44; ranking ninth in the world and second in South America after Brazil &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">FAO&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Peru is also one of the three countries with the largest area of &#8203;&#8203;protected forests in South America &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">FAO&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; currently Peru does not have national maps of NCPs or assessments with multiple NCPs at the national scale&#46; This is probably one of the first studies to aim to analyze the spatial distribution of potential NCPs and biodiversity of forests and shrublands at different scales in Peru&#46; Furthermore&#44; we will identify single and overlapped NCPs and biodiversity hotspot areas &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; areas with the highest NCPs or biodiversity values in Peru&#41; within and outside the current system of terrestrial protected areas &#40;Sistema Nacional de &#193;reas Naturales Protegidas del Peru-SINANPE&#41; in Peru&#46; We ask the following questions&#58; &#40;1&#41; How is the distribution of NCPs and biodiversity hotspots in Peru&#63; &#40;2&#41; Are current protected areas effectively protecting them&#63; &#40;3&#41; Can a biodiversity-focused conservation plan adequately preserve multiple NCPs in a megadiverse country&#63; To answer these questions&#44; we have analyzed at national and regional scale three potential indicators &#40;carbon stock and sequestration divided on two complementary components&#44; aboveground carbon density -ACD- and soil organic carbon stock -SOC-&#44; water balance -WB- and erosion control -EC-&#41; and one biodiversity indicator &#40;biodiversity relative priority index -BD-&#41;&#44; all of them considered as important NCPs in Peru&#44; as recognized by the Law on Retribution Mechanisms for Ecosystem Services &#40;MRSE&#44; Law No&#46; 30215&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Study area</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was carried out in Peru&#44; a tropical country located at the central-western of South America in the Pacific coastline &#40;borders at 0&#176;02&#8217; 00&#8217;&#8217; North&#44; 18&#176;21&#8217; 03&#8217;&#8217; South&#44; 68&#176;39&#8217; 00&#8217;&#8217; East and 81&#176;19&#8217; 35&#8217;&#8217; West&#41;&#46; Peru covers approximately 1&#46;28 million km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> in continental area&#44; the third-largest country in South America after Brazil and Argentina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41;&#46; Around 60&#37; of the Peruvian surface is covered by forests and shrublands&#44; more than 90&#37; corresponding to the Amazonia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">FAO&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#44; the ecosystems considered in our study&#46; The altitudinal range goes from the sea level to more than 6 000&#160;m on the highest peaks of the Andes Mountains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">IGN&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#44; which provides a wide range of temperature &#40;&#8722;13&#46;6&#8211;33&#46;1&#160;&#176;C&#41; &#40;Fig&#46; A6d&#41; and precipitation &#40;0&#8211;6 398&#160;mm&#41; &#40;Fig&#46; A5a&#41; associated with elevation &#40;Fig&#46; A2&#41;&#46; Peru has a high heterogeneous climate&#44; geomorphology&#44; physiography and ecosystem composition&#46; Moreover&#44; it is a megadiverse country with 84 of the 104 described life zones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Reynel et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; the number of vertebrate species reported is 1 755 birds&#44; 494 mammals&#44; 477 reptiles and 524 amphibians &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">MOL&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; The five regions considered here differed in its ecologies&#46; The Coast Region is in the northern extreme of Peru&#46; The climate is hot and dry&#46; The Equatorial Countercurrent determines the seasonal precipitation&#46; Seasonal dry forests and xeric scrublands are the main covers&#46; They are distributed from the sea level to approximately 1&#44;500 or 2&#44;000&#160;m in the mountains and along watercourses&#46; The Andean Region extends throughout the national territory&#44; being wider and higher in the center and south &#40;Fig&#46; A&#46;2&#41;&#46; The climate ranges from semi-warm arid to cold wet or cold dry&#46; Scrublands &#40;woody&#44; shrubby&#44; and cactus vegetation of variable composition and structure&#41; are the main covers from 1&#44;500 to 4&#44;500&#160;m&#46; Inter-Andean seasonally dry and relict forests have a restricted distribution in the region&#46; The High Rainforest Region or Yunga is on the eastern flank of the Andes Mountains&#44; from 600 to approximately 3&#44;600&#160;m&#46; The ecosystems are humid or sub-humid dense mountain forests with strong slopes &#40;Fig&#46; A&#46;2 and A&#46;3&#41;&#44; in some areas with permanent fog&#46; The Low Rainforest or Amazon Rainforest is a humid and rainy forest of the Amazon plain with a dry season in the southern zone &#40;June&#8211;July&#41;&#46; The flooded rainforest &#40;d&#41; and not flooded rainforest &#40;e&#41; were analyzed separately throughout the manuscript&#46; The flooded rainforest is mainly composed by floodplain alluvial forests &#40;flooded several meters during the river crescent&#41; and palm wetlands &#40;permanently or nearly permanently water-saturated&#41;&#46; The Not Flooded Rainforest &#40;7 ecosystems&#59; 47&#46;9&#37; of the whole surface&#41; is also located in the Amazon plain&#44; and it is mainly composed by hill and terrace forests&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Data sets</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Regions</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We focused our study on the 24 ecosystems&#44; mainly forests&#44; following the definition by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">MINAM &#40;2019</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; because the high and historically forests transformation on the Coast and Andean regions we included shrublands ecosystem in these regions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">Portillo-Quintero and S&#225;nchez-Azofeifa&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">Schr&#246;der et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">Sylvester et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; We grouped these ecosystems in five regions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">MINAM&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Reynel et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a and b&#41;&#58; Coast &#40;6 ecosystems&#59; 4&#46;1&#37; of the whole surface&#41;&#59; Andean &#40;5&#59; 13&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#59; High Rainforest &#40;3&#59; 17&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#59; Not Flooded Rainforest &#40;3&#59; 17&#46;2&#37;&#41; and Flooded Rainforest &#40;7&#59; 47&#46;9&#37;&#41; &#40;see Table A1 for more information&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Protected areas</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have obtained the information of all terrestrial PAs in Peru &#40;248 PAs&#44; 17&#46;7&#37; of the national surface&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">SERNANP-MINAM&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46; Then&#44; we have classified the whole Peruvian surface depending on their degree of protection in four categories using a vector data of SERNANP-MINAM &#40;scale 1&#58;100 000&#41;&#58; strictly protected areas with indirect use- PA1 &#40;areas with non-manipulative uses&#59; 28 PAs&#59; 12&#37; of forest and shrubland surface&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; protected areas with direct use- PA2 &#40;areas with management of natural resources&#59; 66&#59; 10&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#59; &#40;c&#41; other protected areas- PA3 &#40;154&#59; 0&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#59; &#40;d&#41; unprotected areas &#40;76&#46;5&#37; of forest and shrubland surface&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b and c and Table A2&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">SERNANP-MINAM&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; A more detailed explanation of Peruvian&#8217;s Protection Categories is provided in the Supplementary Material &#40;Table A3&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Nature&#8217;s contributions to people and biodiversity indicators</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We selected three Nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; indicators and one indicator of biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; based on their relevance to natural resource management&#44; and on their data availability at high-resolution for the whole country&#46; Our approach uses the NCPs hierarchical classification of Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services &#40;IPBES&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">D&#237;az et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">IPBES&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Forests and shrublands contribute to climate regulation by storing and sequestering carbon in the above-ground biomass and soil&#46; They also moderate various physical and biological soil processes&#44; affecting carbon storage&#46; Additionally&#44; they protect soil and prevent erosion by intercepting rain and reducing its energy&#44; slowing runoff&#44; and stabilizing the soil structure with their root system&#46; Furthermore&#44; these ecosystems aid in water regulation through evapotranspiration&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Carbon stock and sequestration</span>&#46; We analyzed this NCP on two complementary components separately aboveground carbon density- ACD and soil organic carbon stock- SOC&#44; due to regional heterogeneity in climate&#44; geomorphology&#44; physiography and ecosystem composition of Peru&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Aboveground carbon density&#44; ACD</span> &#40;t&#47;ha&#41;&#46; We used a high-resolution map &#40;1&#160;ha&#41; of aboveground carbon density &#40;ACD&#41; estimated for Peru using LIDAR &#40;Light Detection and Ranging&#41; technology&#44; a wide network of field plots&#44; satellite images&#44; and geostatistical techniques&#44; including Random Forest Machine Learning&#44; at various scales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Asner et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Soil organic carbon stock&#44; SOC</span> &#40;t&#47;ha&#41;&#46; We utilized SoilGrids &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">ISRIC&#44; 2020</a>&#41; to obtain a global map of soil organic carbon &#40;SOC&#41; content at a depth of 30&#160;cm&#46; The model employed machine learning techniques to predict this soil property on a global scale&#46; The predictions were refined using 196&#44;000 standardized soil profiles from various locations&#44; expert observations&#44; and 158 covariates such as climate&#44; relief&#44; living organisms&#44; water dynamics&#44; and parent material &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Hengl et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Water balance&#44; WB</span> &#40;mm&#47;yr&#41;&#46; The water balance &#40;WB&#41; was obtained from WaterWorld v&#46;2 &#40;a global raster-based model&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Mulligan&#44; 2021b</a>&#41;&#46; WaterWorld is an open-source GIS tool with a robust climatological base &#40;1950&#8211;2000&#41; based on the model Fog Interception for the Enhancement of Streamflow in Tropical Areas &#40;FIESTA&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Mulligan and Burke&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; The water balance was calculated using local water precipitation &#40;rain&#160;&#43;&#160;fog&#160;&#43;&#160;snowmelt&#41; minus actual evapotranspiration &#40;AET&#41;&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Mulligan and Burke&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Mulligan&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Erosion control&#44; EC</span> &#40;t&#47;ha&#47;yr&#41;&#46; We estimated soil erosion prevented by vegetation by calculating the difference between potential erosion &#40;if there were no vegetation&#41; and actual erosion&#44; following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">Roces-D&#237;az et al&#46; &#40;2021&#41;</a>&#46; To do this&#44; we utilized the average of annual water erosion maps &#40;1981&#8211;2000&#41; from the National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru &#40;SENAMHI-MINAM&#41;&#46; This atlas uses the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation &#40;RUSLE&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Renard et al&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41; and incorporates precipitation data from the national multitemporal geospatial base&#44; topography from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission &#40;SRTM&#41; v 4&#46;1&#46; 90&#160;m&#44; soil information from SoilGrids&#44; and vegetation cover from GlobeLand30-2010&#44; which defines the cover factor &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">SENAMHI-MINAM&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; We calculated potential soil erosion by assigning the bare ground cover factor instead of the forest or shrubland factor in RUSLE&#46; We used the forest cover factor for all regions except the Andean region&#44; where we used the shrubland factor because 92&#46;7&#37; of its ecosystem is comprised of shrublands &#40;Table A1&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Biodiversity relative priority index</span> &#40;C- value&#41;&#46; We used the Costing Nature Relative Priority Index of Biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mulligan&#44; 2021a</a>&#41; due to the lack of national data&#46; The index is based on the C-value&#44; which combines species richness and endemism for species on the red list&#44; using freely available data for mammals&#44; amphibians&#44; reptiles&#44; and birds&#46; The C-value for each pixel was calculated as the sum of C-values for all present species&#44; and for each species&#44; it was calculated as 1&#47;G&#44; where G represents the species&#39; global range size&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the number of pixels in which the species occurs in Peru&#46;</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Data analysis</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To ensure consistency in the analysis of data sets &#40;as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; a reference grid was established at a resolution of 1&#160;&#215;&#160;1&#160;km&#44; and cell values from the original raster were extracted accordingly&#46; Only forest or shrubland cells were used to extract information for each NCP and biodiversity indicator&#44; with the latter being used only for the Coast and Andean regions&#46; To test differences among regions for each NCPs and biodiversity&#44; we conducted ANOVA for normally distributed indicators and Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-normally distributed indicators &#40;ANOVA tests for soil organic carbon stock- SOC&#44; water balance- WB&#44; and biodiversity indicator- BD&#44; and Kruskal-Wallis tests for aboveground carbon density- ACD and erosion control- EC&#41;&#46; For each NCP and biodiversity indicator&#44; 20&#37; of the grid cells that had the largest values were classified as hotspots resulting in five single hotspots maps&#46; This criterion of 20&#37; of largest values is widely used in large-scale studies in different biomes and countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Armenteras et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Lecina-Diaz et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Mitchell et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Orsi et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Pellegrini Manh&#227;es et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; We built binary maps from each single hotspot map &#40;1&#160;&#61;&#160;hotspots values and 0&#160;&#61;&#160;other values or non-hotpots values&#41;&#46; We then overlapped these five binary maps to obtain an overlapped hotspot map where the value range between 0 &#40;non-hotpots for any of the indicators&#41; and 5 &#40;hotspot of all indicators&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; for each region and each category of protection degree&#44; we calculated the percentage of land that was classified has a NCPs or biodiversity hotspot areas&#46; A &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test was applied to determine whether the percentage of hotspots was dependent to the degree of protection&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used pairwise correlations to assess synergies &#40;positive correlations&#41; and tradeoffs &#40;negative correlations&#41; among NCPs and biodiversity indicators at the national and regional scales&#46; We tested the presence of spatial autocorrelation using Moran&#8217;s I coefficient &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Moran&#44; 1950</a>&#41;&#46; We evaluated the significance of the correlation coefficients among spatially-autocorrelated variables by applying Dutilleul&#39;s adjustment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Clifford et al&#46;&#44; 1989</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Dutilleul et al&#46;&#44; 1993</a>&#41;&#44; consistent with work by &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Casalegno et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Morelli et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">Vallet et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41; as implemented in the function &#34;modified&#46;ttest&#34; of the R package &#34;SpatialPack&#34;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used ArcGIS 10&#46;5 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">ESRI&#44; 2016</a>&#41; for processing indicators and hotspots analysis&#46; The statistical analyses were carried out using the R 4&#46;1&#46;0 software &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">R CoreTeam&#44; 2021</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Results</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Spatial distribution of Nature&#8217;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity hotspots</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spatial distribution of NCPs and biodiversity indicators varied drastically across the Peruvian forests and shrublands &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The High Rainforest region had the highest mean values for all indicators&#44; except aboveground carbon density- ACD &#40;Table A4&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; all regions significantly differ from each other in all indicators &#40;Table A4&#41; according to the ANOVA tests for soil organic carbon stock -SOC- &#40;F&#160;&#61;&#160;437 083&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; water balance -WB- &#40;F&#160;&#61;&#160;282 759&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and biodiversity -BD- &#40;F&#160;&#61;&#160;696 828&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and Kruskal&#8211;Wallis tests for aboveground carbon density -ACD- &#40;F&#160;&#61;&#160;540 660&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41; and erosion control -EC- &#40;F&#160;&#61;&#160;540 660&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The regions that concentrated most single hotspots for each indicator were &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> and Table A4&#41;&#58; the Not Flooded Rainforest for ACD &#40;18&#46;9&#37; of high indicators values- hotspots&#41; and WB &#40;12&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#59; the High Rainforest region for SOC &#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#59; the High Rainforest region for EC &#40;12&#46;6&#37;&#41; and the three rainforest regions for biodiversity &#40;7&#46;8&#37; in Not Flooded Rainforest&#44; 6&#46;8&#37; in High Rainforest&#44; and 5&#46;1&#37; in Flooded Rainforest&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; we identified the regions with the most surface covered by single hotspots for each indicator &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> and Table A4&#41;&#58; the Not Flooded Rainforest region for ACD &#40;39&#46;4&#37; of the region surface&#41;&#59; the High Rainforest region &#40;85&#46;3&#37;&#41; and the Andean region &#40;17&#46;8&#37;&#41; for SOC&#59; the three rainforest regions for WB &#40;29&#46;4&#37; in High Rainforest&#59; 26&#46;7&#37; in Not Flooded Rainforest and 11&#46;7&#37; in Flooded Rainforest&#41;&#59; the High Rainforest &#40;70&#46;7&#37;&#41; and the Coast &#40;59&#46;7&#37;&#41; regions for EC&#59; and the three rainforest regions &#40;38&#46;1&#37; in the High Rainforest region&#44; 30&#37; in the Flooded Rainforest region and 16&#46;3&#37; in Not Flooded Rainforest&#41; for BD&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Hotspots of Nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity indicators inside and outside PAs</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Single hotspot areas &#40;20&#37; of forest and shrubland&#41; for all the NCPs and biodiversity indicators were mainly located outside PAs -UnPAs- &#40;Table A5&#59; 14&#37; of the forest and shrubland for aboveground carbon density -ACD-&#59; 14&#46;6&#37; for soil organic carbon stock -SOC-&#59; 13&#46;3&#37; for water balance -WB-&#59; 15&#37; for erosion control -EC-&#59; and 13&#46;6&#37; for biodiversity -BD-&#41;&#46; The percentages of PAs in the different regions covered with single hotspots were&#58; 25&#46;5&#37; for ACD&#59; 22&#46;9&#37; for SOC&#59; 28&#46;6&#37; for WB&#59; 21&#46;2&#37; for EC and 27&#46;5&#37; for BD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The percentages of hotspots between PAs and Un-PAs were significantly different for ACD &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test&#44; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;4 865&#46;1&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; SOC &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;1 638&#46;3&#44; df&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; WB &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;11 981&#46;0&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; EC &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;226&#46;9&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41; and BD &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;9 121&#46;0&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#46; The degree of protection with the most area covered with single hotpots was PAs with Direct Use- PA2 for ACD &#40;31&#46;4&#37;&#41; and BD &#40;30&#46;1&#37;&#41; and Other PAs- PA3 for SOC &#40;39&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; EC &#40;33&#46;4&#37;&#41; and WB &#40;33&#37;&#41; &#40;Table A6&#41;&#46; The percentage of single hotspots within PAs distributed by degree of protection of ACD &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;3 329&#46;9&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; SOC &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;1 818&#46;7&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; WB &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;1 014&#46;4&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; EC &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;1 674&#46;5&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41; and BD &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;541&#46;9&#44; p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;01&#41; were significantly different between PA1&#44; PA2 and PA3&#46; The single hotspot areas within PA were concentrated mainly in PA2&#44; except for SOC and EC which were in PA1 &#40;Table A6&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found low hotspot overlap between indicators &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; 28&#37; of the area of Peruvian forests and shrublands overlapped at least two indicator hotspots&#44; while 9&#37; overlapped 3 or more indicators &#40;Table A7&#41;&#46; Hotspot overlap &#40;2&#8211;5 indicators&#41; in PAs and Un-PAs was 9&#37; &#40;4&#46;4&#37; in PA1&#44; 4&#46;2&#37; in PA2 and 0&#46;3&#37; in PA3&#41; and 19&#46;1&#37; of Peruvian forests and shrublands&#44; respectively &#40;Table A7&#41;&#46; Hotspot overlap covered 24&#46;9&#37; of Un-PAs and 38&#46;4&#37; of PAs&#59; 37&#37; of PA1&#44; 39&#46;2&#37; of PA2&#44; and 46&#46;6&#37; of PA3 &#40;Table A7&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Synergies and trade-off between Nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed positive spatial autocorrelation in all indicators &#40;Fig&#46; A11&#41;&#44; with water balance &#40;WB&#41; having the highest except in the Coast region&#44; while erosion control &#40;EC&#41; had the lowest&#46; The Flooded Rainforest region exhibited weaker patterns of spatial autocorrelation compared to other regions and the overall area&#46; The coefficients of correlation for the 10 pairs of five indicators at the national and regional scale are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; Not all correlations were significant at the national scale &#40;aboveground carbon density and soil organic carbon stock ACD-SOC&#59; WB-EC and EC and biodiversity-BD&#41; or regional scale &#40;all pairwise correlations except SOC-WB&#41;&#46; We identified synergies at the national scale&#44; except between ACD-EC&#46; Furthermore&#44; we observed synergies in the Coast and Andean regions&#44; while trade-offs were present in some of the tree Rainforest regions &#40;ACD-SOC in the High Rainforest region&#59; ACD-EC in the three Rainforest regions&#59; ACD-BD in High and Flooded Rainforest&#59; SOC-WB in High Rainforest and EC-BD in Flooded and Not Flooded Rainforest&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Understanding the spatial distribution of Nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity &#40;BD&#41; hotspots in Peru</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Almost the entire aboveground carbon density -ACD- hotspot area was in the forests ecosystems of the northeastern Not flooded Rainforest region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>f&#41; due to favorable conditions for vegetation growth as has also been reported in other national-scale studies by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Asner et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Csillik et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41;</a>&#46; Furthermore&#44; the most hotspot areas are locations hardly exploited due to difficulties to access and&#44; for this reason&#44; with historically lower forest degradation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Asner et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Accessibility&#44; by rivers and roads&#44; is recognized at the literature as an important driver of deforestation and degradation of tropical forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Aguirre et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Geist and Lambin&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">Rudel&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; Otherwise&#44; growth and survival of forest and shrubland &#40;which determine ACD&#41; are limited in the Andean&#44; Coast and Flooded Rainforest regions due to extreme climatic conditions&#58; reduced temperature and precipitation and geological limitations in the Andean and Coast regions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Asner et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Girardin et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; Fig&#46; A7&#41;&#44; and hydrological conditions &#40;anoxia&#41; and low soil fertility in the Flooded Rainforest region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Asner et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Draper et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the anthropic factors &#40;agricultural&#44; livestock and forestry activities&#44; fire and urban expansion&#41; were also limiting factors for carbon storing in the Andean &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">Sylvester et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41; and Coast region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Ektvedt et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study highlights the importance of the whole forests of the High Rainforest region as soil organic carbon stock -SOC- hotspot&#44; and a lower&#44; although significant&#44; value in the forest and shrubland of the Andean region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>g&#41;&#46; Low temperature produces slow rates of organic matter decomposition and promotes SOC accumulation in these regions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Nottingham et al&#46;&#44; 2016</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; SOC transfer from others eroded ecosystems to the soil surface in the High Rainforest region could also explain SOC accumulation in this forests and shrubland &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">De la Cruz-Amo et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Li et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the limited soil depth analyzed &#40;only the first 30&#160;cm&#41; and the small number of Peruvian profiles included in the SOC model could limit the results obtained with this indicator &#40;Fig&#46; A9&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the three Rainforest regions&#44; the interaction of the winds&#44; the diurnal cycle of solar radiation&#44; the rugged physiography of the Andes and water recycled of evapotranspiration by forests produce constant and high annual precipitation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">Weng et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; Fig&#46; A7&#41;&#46; In consequence&#44; the hotspots areas of water balance- WB were concentrated in these forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>h&#41;&#46; Precipitation in hotspots areas of the Not Flooded Rainforest region was associated with the dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone &#40;ITCZ&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">Schneider et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; while precipitation in the High Rainforest and Flooded Rainforest were strongly dependent on the evapotranspiration of the Amazonian forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">Weng et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; On the contrary&#44; the Coast region &#40;north of Peru&#41; is seasonally dry&#44; as a result of the very low precipitation and the high evapotranspiration rates of forests and shrublands because of the high temperatures characteristic of tropical ecosystems near to Equator &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">Sitters et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; Fig&#46; A7&#41;&#46; In the Andean region&#44; rainfall occurs in summer and it is of orographic origin&#44; resulting in contrasted wet and dry seasons &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Garreaud&#44; 2009</a>&#59; Fig&#46; A7&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study highlights the crucial role of forests in controlling soil erosion in the High Rainforest region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>i&#41;&#44; which has extensive forest areas and a sloped to extremely steep relief&#46; The region experiences high rainfall&#44; which increases the potential for erosion in the absence of forests &#40;Fig&#46; A3&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; some hotspots were identified in the Andean region&#44; where the role of shrublands in erosion control was lower than that of forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Dom&#237;nguez-Castro et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; Tables A1&#59; A4&#59; Figs&#46; A3&#59; A7&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; forest&#39;s role in mitigating soil erosion in the flat relief and high rainfall of the flooded and non-flooded rainforest areas was much less than in steep relief areas&#46; On the other hand&#44; more than half of the forests and scrublands in the Coast region were identified as erosion control hotspot areas&#44; despite the slightly uneven topography&#44; which is mainly flat&#46; This region experiences high rainfall in a short period&#44; which can generate soil erosion &#40;Figs&#46; A3&#44; A7&#41;&#46; Extreme rainfall events&#44; such as those associated with the El Ni&#241;o-Southern Oscillation &#40;ENSO&#41;&#44; can also cause considerable erosion&#46; Although this study analyzed averages of several years&#44; during which Peru experienced three hydrological years of strong El Ni&#241;o and five of moderate El Ni&#241;o &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Lavado-Casimiro and Espinoza&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; it only partially captured these extreme events&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peru is provided with different factors that influence the megadiversity registered across the different forest and shrubland ecosystems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Reynel et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; biodiversity- BD hotspot areas are present in all Peruvian regions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>j&#41;&#46; The highest BD values &#8203;&#8203;are recorded in the forests of High Rainforest region&#44; because of a large richness and a high presence of endemism in different groups of fauna&#44; mainly amphibians and reptiles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Pacheco et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">Swenson et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; The BD hotspot areas in the forests of the Flooded and Not Flooded Rainforest regions are located at the convergence of global maxima for mammals&#44; birds and amphibians &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Harvey et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Pitman et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Reynel et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#59; Fig&#46; A4&#41;&#46; On other hand&#44; in the forest and shrubland of the Andean and Coast regions there are small and isolated hotspot areas&#58; only the hotspot areas close to the Ecuador &#34;Zone Amopate-Huancabamba&#34; is of particular interest because of elevated levels of diversity and narrow endemicity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">Reynel et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Exploring changes in synergies and trade-off of NCPs and biodiversity</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The synergy between aboveground carbon density and water balance ACD-WB in the national and Coast and High Rainforest regions is expected due to the effects of temperature and precipitation on biomass in tropical forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390">Taylor et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; Erosion control and soil organic carbon stock EC-SOC synergy is also expected in the Coast&#44; Andean&#44; High&#44; and Not Flooded Rainforest regions because high SOC conditions &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; altitude-slope or precipitation&#41; also result in high EC&#46; The synergy between EC-WB in the Coast&#44; Andean&#44; Flooded&#44; and Not Flooded Rainforest regions can be explained by the role of vegetation cover in controlling erosion&#44; which increases with rainfall&#46; The WB-SOC synergy is explained by WB regional variations &#40;Fig&#46; A7&#41; that promote SOC &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the extremely arid conditions and the seasonality of rainfall in the Coast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">Solano et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#59; Fig&#46; A7&#41; or the constant rainfall in a clay soil and the existence of partially or permanently flooded soils with low oxygen concentration in Flooded and Not Flooded Rainforest &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the trade-off between WB-SOC in the High Rainforest region is likely because higher precipitation at greater altitude could increase mineralization rates&#44; resulting in less SOC&#46; The trade-off between ACD-SOC in the High Rainforest and Andean regions is due to the climatic conditions that favor plant growth&#44; which also increase organic matter decomposition and SOC reduction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390">Taylor et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the trade-off between ACD-SOC changes to synergy in the Coast&#44; Flooded&#44; and Not Flooded Rainforest regions due to extremely low decomposition rates of organic matter&#44; resulting in SOC increase&#46; Additionally&#44; the trade-off between ACD-EC at the national scale and in the three Rainforest regions results from ACD reduction with altitude but greater erosion avoidance by vegetation on steep slopes&#46; The conditions that promote ACD and EC in some regions &#40;Flooded and High Rainforest and Flooded and Not Flooded Rainforest&#44; respectively&#41; did not increase the presence of endemic fauna species&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">The role of the current system of Peruvian terrestrial protected areas protecting nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity in Peru</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous assessments of the representativeness of the Peruvian PA system have focused exclusively on biodiversity&#44; reporting conservation gaps for the representation of fauna groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Baldi et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Rodr&#237;guez and Young&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">Shanee et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; A different approach has identified that the Peruvian PA system stores a great aboveground carbon &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Asner et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Here&#44; we document for the first time the representativeness of both NCPs and biodiversity in the current PA system&#46; The Peruvian PA system and the priority conservation areas &#40;future Peruvian PA&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">SERNANP-MINAM&#44; 2009</a>&#41; were established and increased with the main objective of conserving biodiversity based on specialist criteria as high biodiversity&#44; endemism&#44; and particular taxonomic groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">Rodr&#237;guez and Young&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">SERNANP-MINAM&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the current PAs network and the priority conservation areas do not protect a great percentage of biodiversity hotspots&#44; neither protect single or overlap NCPs hotspots &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#59; Fig&#46; A10&#41;&#46; Concerning the degree of protection&#44; a higher degree of protection &#40;PA1&#41; does not protect a lot more single or overlapped NCPs and biodiversity hotspot areas than lower degrees of protection &#40;PA2 or PA3&#41;&#44; as it has been also recognized in previous studies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Bastian&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Lecina-Diaz et al&#46;&#44; 2019</a>&#41;&#46; In fact&#44; the intermediate degree of protection &#40;PA2&#41; mainly contains the most single and overlapped hotspot areas for NCPs and biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#59; Table A7&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; large hotspot areas could be under management of natural resources without considering the preservation of single or multiple NCPs targets&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Beyond nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity hotspots identification&#58; implications for planning conservation in a megadiverse country</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Understanding the spatial distribution&#44; overlap&#44; and synergies&#47;trade-offs between NCPs and biodiversity&#44; as well as the effectiveness of current PAs in preserving them&#44; is crucial in deciding the future establishment of multifunctional PAs in megadiverse countries&#46; Our recommendations aim to inform national forest policies and conservation planning to achieve multifunctional PAs in Peru and other countries&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spatial distribution of hotspots and the variation in regional synergies and trade-offs between NCPs and biodiversity are influenced by biophysical characteristics and anthropic impact in each region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; analyzing synergies and trade-offs at the national scale could oversimplify the reality&#44; particularly in rainforest regions&#46; Current PAs in Peru are insufficient to preserve single and multiple NCPs and biodiversity hotspots &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; which is a common issue in many countries worldwide &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">Xu et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; our findings highlight the need to consider the spatial distribution&#44; overlap&#44; and synergies&#47;trade-offs between NCPs and biodiversity when establishing multifunctional PAs&#46; We recommend improving national forest policies and conservation planning to address the challenges of preserving forests and scrublands in megadiverse countries&#46; The overlap between biodiversity and NCPs hotspots &#40;Fig&#46; A12&#41; suggests that some NCPs are preserved in current PAs in Peru&#46; However&#44; trade-offs exist between biodiversity and some NCPs at the regional scale &#40;aboveground carbon density- ACD in the High and Flooded Rainforest regions and erosion control- EC in the Flooded and Not Flooded Rainforest regions&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; a conservation plan focused solely on biodiversity may not adequately preserve NCPs&#46; Additionally&#44; as the number of hotspots overlapped decreases&#44; so do the areas that contain multiple hotspots &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; which is consistent with other studies in highly heterogeneous areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Mitchell et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Orsi et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; trade-offs between NCPs and biodiversity&#44; as well as among NCPs at the national or regional scale&#44; are possible&#46; Consequently&#44; multiple NCPs and biodiversity hotspots cannot be conserved in the same areas&#46; Therefore&#44; identifying hotspot areas is only the first step towards achieving the multifunctionality of PAs&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reformulating AP categories is crucial to achieve multifunctional PAs&#46; The new Director Plan for Peruvian PAs should prioritize conservation areas by identifying regions with high NCP and biodiversity values&#44; as suggested in studies conducted in other countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Jung et al&#46;&#44; 2021</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Lecina-Diaz et al&#46;&#44; 2018</a>&#41;&#46; To achieve multifunctionality&#44; NCPs and biodiversity bundles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Orsi et al&#46;&#44; 2020</a>&#41; should be identified&#44; and the main conservation objective should be defined based on an analysis of synergies and trade-offs at the regional scale&#46; The distribution of regional hotspots could be considered when deciding the distribution of new PAs&#46; Additionally&#44; if the conservation of NCPs is not compromised&#44; the management of resources&#44; such as PA2 or PA3&#44; could be allowed in the new PAs&#44; which could close the gap in a politically feasible way &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">Xu et al&#46;&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; to define new PAs&#44; more research is needed to &#40;i&#41; improve national data and the spatial quality of NCPs&#44; &#40;ii&#41; analyze new indicators&#44; including realized NCPs and the strength of synergies or trade-offs&#44; and &#40;iii&#41; identify NCP and biodiversity bundles&#46; Improving data is urgent for a better approach&#46;</p></span></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Spatial distribution of Nature&#8217;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity hotspots"
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              "titulo" => "Hotspots of Nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity indicators inside and outside PAs"
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              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Synergies and trade-off between Nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Understanding the spatial distribution of Nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity &#40;BD&#41; hotspots in Peru"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Exploring changes in synergies and trade-off of NCPs and biodiversity"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "The role of the current system of Peruvian terrestrial protected areas protecting nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity in Peru"
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              "identificador" => "sec0085"
              "titulo" => "Beyond nature&#39;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity hotspots identification&#58; implications for planning conservation in a megadiverse country"
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          "identificador" => "xack705648"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaAceptado" => "2023-09-27"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Tropical forests"
            1 => "Protected areas"
            2 => "Spatial analysis"
            3 => "Synergies"
            4 => "Trade-offs"
            5 => "Planning&#46;"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The rapid land use change in tropical forests is a severe threat to Earth nature&#8217;s contributions to people &#40;NCPs&#41; and biodiversity&#46; Effectively conserving ecosystems is a global target that requires clearly prioritizing areas that provide multiple benefits&#46; The goal of this study is to identify potential NCPs and biodiversity hotspots of forest and evaluate their single and multiple representativeness within the Protection Areas &#40;PA&#41; in Peru&#46; To do so we &#40;1&#41; analyzed the spatial distribution of three NCPs indicators at national and regional scales &#40;carbon stock and sequestration in two components aboveground carbon density and soil organic carbon stock&#44; water balance and erosion control&#41; and one biodiversity indicator &#40;biodiversity relative priority index&#41; and identified their hotspots areas&#59; &#40;2&#41; identified the single and overlapped hotspot areas within PAs&#59; &#40;3&#41; identified synergies and trade-off among indicators&#46; Our analysis shows that the distribution of NCPs and biodiversity varied across regions&#46; Most hotspot areas were in the High and Not Flooded Rainforest regions due to favorable conditions for vegetation and lower levels of anthropic transformation&#46; We found that the current PAs inadequately protect a significant percentage of hotspots&#44; with few overlap areas&#46; Synergies may shift to trade-offs at different scales or among regions&#44; meaning a conservation plan solely focused on biodiversity cannot adequately preserve NCPs&#46; Furthermore&#44; multiple hotspot areas cannot be conserved in a single location&#44; emphasizing the importance of hotspot identification as the first step towards achieving multifunctional PAs&#46; Our analysis offers recommendations for achieving multifunctional PAs that can apply to megadiverse countries&#46;</p></span>"
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      "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peruvian Protected Areas do not adequately protect NCPs and biodiversity hotspots&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple hotspot areas cannot be conserved in the same areas&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A conservation plan only focused on biodiversity may not be sufficient to preserve NCPs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identifying hotspots is the first step for achieving multifunctionality in Peruvian PAs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multifunctional PAs require to analyze overlap and relationships of NCPs and biodiversity&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study area&#46; &#40;a&#41; Distribution of forests by regions considering terrestrial PAs &#40;b&#41; Distribution of forests by protection degree&#46; The Coast and Andean regions also included shrublands&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spatial distribution &#40;a-e&#41; and hotspots and not hotspots areas by region &#40;f&#8211;j&#41; for each NCPs and biodiversity indicators of Peruvian forest&#46; &#40;a&#8211;e&#41; Spatial distribution shown according to a percentile 20th &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; each class represents 20&#37; of Peruvian forests&#41;&#46; &#40;f&#8211;j&#41; In red&#44; hotspot areas&#44; in gray non hotspot areas and in white no forest areas&#46; The bar charts indicate the percentage of forest by region and above each bar the relative percentages of hotspots related to the region area are given&#46; Indicators&#58; aboveground carbon density -ACD- &#40;t&#47;ha&#41;&#59; soil organic carbon stock -SOC- &#40;t&#47;ha&#41;&#59; water balance -WB- &#40;mm&#47;yr&#41;&#59; erosion control &#8211; EC- &#40;t&#47;ha&#47;yr&#41; and biodiversity relative priority index -BD- &#40;C-value&#41;&#46; Regions&#58; Coast C&#59; Andean A&#59; High Rainforest HR&#59; Not Flooded Rainforest NFR&#59; Flooded Rainforest FR&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#8211;e&#41; Single hotspot and not hotspot areas for each NCPs and biodiversity indicator by degree of protection&#46; Red and dark gray represent the single hotspot areas in PA and Un-Pas&#44; respectively&#59; the pie chart in the top right corner shows the percentage of single hotspots&#59; the bar charts indicate the percentage of forest by degree of protection&#44; and above each bar in number are given the relative percentages of hotspots related to the whole are&#46; &#40;f&#41; Multiple hotspot overlap of NCPs and biodiversity indicators&#59; gray and white represent non hotspot and no forest areas&#44; while warm colors indicate overlap of 1 to 5 NCP and biodiversity indicators&#46; Un-PAs&#58; Unprotected Areas&#59; PAs&#58; Protected Areas&#59; PA1&#58; Strict Protected Areas with Indirect Use&#59; PA2&#58; Protected Areas with Direct Use&#59; PA3&#58; Others Protected Areas&#46; Indicators&#58; aboveground carbon density -ACD- &#40;t&#47;ha&#41;&#59; soil organic carbon stock -SOC- &#40;t&#47;ha&#41;&#59; water balance -WB- &#40;mm&#47;yr&#41;&#59; erosion control -EC- &#40;t&#47;ha&#47;yr&#41;&#44; and biodiversity relative priority index -BD- &#40;C-value&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0020"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NCPs Category&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NCPs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NCPs indicator&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Units&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of data&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Original resolution&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCPs</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Regulation of climate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carbon stock and sequestration</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aboveground carbon density &#40;ACD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">t&#47;ha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#160;ha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Asner et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Regulation of climate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Soil organic carbon stock &#40;SOC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">t&#47;ha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">250 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SoilGrids v2&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">ISRIC &#40;2020&#41;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Regulation of freshwater and coastal water quality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Water regulation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Water balance &#40;WB&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">mm&#47;yr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AguaAndes v2&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Mulligan&#44; 2021b</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Avoidance of erosion and protection of soils and sediments&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Erosion control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Erosion control &#40;EC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">t&#47;ha&#47;yr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">250 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">SENAMHI-MINAM &#40;2017&#41;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Biodiversity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Biodiversity relative priority index &#40;BD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CostingNature v3&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Mulligan&#44; 2021a</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of the NCPs and biodiversity indicators considered and the dataset sources used&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup colgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Overall</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Regions</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coast</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Andean</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">High rainforest</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Flooded rainforest</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Not flooded rainforest</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corr&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;36</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37754&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8722;0&#46;50</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36588&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;18</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">212193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;59</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37754&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;37</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">209243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8722;0&#46;18</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36145&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8722;0&#46;21</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36353&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">101272&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8722;0&#46;11</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">ACD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">212193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;53</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">SOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">WB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">212644&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27762&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">SOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pairwise correlation of aboveground carbon density &#40;ACD&#44; in t&#47;ha&#41;&#59; soil organic carbon stock &#40;SOC&#44; in t&#47;ha&#41;&#44; water balance &#40;WB&#44; in mm&#47;yr&#41;&#59; erosion control &#40;EC&#44; in t&#47;ha&#47;yr&#41; and biodiversity &#40;C-value&#41;&#46; Pairwise correlation values and the significance &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; p-value&#41; of the corresponding modified t-test&#46; Are shown Corr&#58; significant r values &#40;p&#160;&#60;&#160;0&#46;05&#41; are in bold&#59; NS&#58; Not significant values &#40;p&#160;&#62;&#160;0&#46;05&#41;&#59; n&#58; number of cases for each pairwise correlation&#46;</p>"
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spatial data used are derived from public repositories&#46; We thank all the people involved in developing the source data&#46; We would like to thank Mark Mulligan for providing the biodiversity priority index by Costing Nature for whole Peru&#46; We also thank to Subdirecci&#243;n de Estudios e Investigaciones Hidrol&#243;gicas of Servicio Nacional de Meteorolog&#237;a e Hidrolog&#237;a del Per&#250; - SENAMHI &#40;Evelin Sabino&#41; and Direcci&#243;n de Desarrollo Estrat&#233;gico of Servicio Nacional de &#193;reas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado- SERNANP &#40;Marisela Huancauqui&#41; for supplying spatial data and useful information&#46; We are grateful to Xavier Domene&#44; Sady Garc&#237;a and Giancarlo Orellana for constructive comments&#46; We also wish to thank to Roberto Molowny for his statistical support and advice&#46; We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers that improved the manuscript&#46; Maricel M&#243;stiga received a predoctoral fellowship&#44; Generaci&#243;n Bicentenario&#44; funded by P<span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">eruvian Ministry of Education &#40;Programa Nacional de Becas y Cr&#233;ditos Educativos- PRONABEC&#41;</span>&#46;</p>"
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