Legal Reserves represent almost one third of all remaining native vegetation in Brazil.

There is no solid argument, evidence or theory that support that Legal Reserve extinction will favor Brazil development.

The extinction of Legal Reserves will lead to a huge increase in native vegetation loss, with blatant negative consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services provision.

Legal Reserves are a key-component for effective and less expensive nature-based solutions.

Legal Reserves should be considered as assets for the development of Brazil rather than liabilities.

Studies in climate change usually assume that time is too short for evolution.

Some models suggest that evolutionary rescue of populations is plausible.

Despite the interest, these models are hard to parameterize.

Here we review these models and point out the problems and uncertainties.

We discuss the way forward to understand adaptive potential to climate changes.

Brazil's regulations governing deforestation and logging are often circumvented.

Agreements with soy and beef companies are important but need strengthening.

Effectiveness of commodity agreements is diminished by laundering and leakage.

Timber harvest and transportation permits are open to widespread fraud.

Ways exist to reduce circumvention of commodity agreements and regulations.

Large-scale agricultural expansion modifies landscape composition and configuration.

Highly transformed landscapes are less productive.

Sugarcane and forest primary production decreases in more deforested landscapes.

Forests in more fragmented landscapes are less productive.

Sugarcane production benefits from forest conservation at the landscape level.

Pine removal contributes to woody species regeneration.

Herbaceous layer still needed to overcome the barrier imposed by the needle layer.

Fire and removal of needles enhanced the regeneration (mostly graminoids and shrubs).

We suggest the use of fire to increase vegetation regeneration after pine removal.

Mine concessions disproportionately occur in important areas for migratory birds.

Concessions may affect >10% of populations of 6 of 22 species examined.

Steeply declining species were more likely to co-occur with concessions.

Citizen-science data can inform planning efforts to reduce impacts to biodiversity.

The presence of dogs in protected/vulnerable areas affects wildlife in different ways.

Domestic dogs transit between wild environments and urban areas.

Dogs can transmit various pathogens to wild animals.

Wild animals can transmit different pathogens to domestic dogs.

Dogs can act as spillover bridges, transferring pathogens from wild animals to humans.