Forest restoration plantings have lower beta diversity than remnant forests.

Plantings are more floristically similar to one another than to regional forests.

Trees planted to restore the Atlantic Forest poorly represent local floras.

We synthesize knowledge on the impacts of climate change on Brazil’s biodiversity.

The greatest predicted impact is in the Pantanal, and the lowest in the Pampa.

There are still large knowledge gaps due to spatial and taxonomic biases in studies.

Paris Agreement could reduce impacts by 21% and cut extinction risk by half.

Belo Monte Dam diverted water from Xingu River, drastically reducing the high-water season.

This triggered an Independent Monitoring of flooded forests led by Xingu inhabitants.

Monitoring provided evidence of ecosystem services decay in flooded forests.

Some examples are high vegetation mortality, invasive species, and phenological disruption.

Current hydrological conditions are threatening the environment and people's livelihoods.

Biodiversity conservation requires the protection and maintenance of protected areas

Protected areas store carbon and regulate ecosystem processes

Protected areas prevent deforestation and conserve ecosystems and biodiversity

Brazilian Amazon offshore is potentially becoming a new frontier for oil exploration.

This contradicts national and global pledges to fight planetary crises.

Sub-national governments often rely on the consequent distribution of oil royalties.

We propose that this is replaced by a Green Royalty Fund of USD 19.9–33.1 billion.

Implementation would align with local and global biodiversity and climate pledges.

Wildfires in Brazil cause billion-dollar losses, harming biodiversity, health, and the economy.

Wildfire spreads toxic smoke across South America, straining the healthcare system.

Wildfires cause massive biodiversity loss, and we barely know how to measure it.

Despite substantial economic losses in tropical habitats, the Global South remains a low priority.

Ecosystem function depends on species diversity; effects of species loss on functionality remain unclear.

Over 65% of functional diversity in Asia, Europe, and America comes from threatened species.

Ecosystems with species at high risk are highly vulnerable to ecological meltdown.

Ecological meltdown collapse could drastically affect human lifestyles and global environmental systems.

We reviewed changes in human-nature connectedness linked to 6 environmental activities.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after mindfulness and wildlife encounters.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after activities carried out over 2–7 days.

Changes in human-nature connectedness did not vary between adults and children.

Activities facilitated by conservation organisations foster human-nature connectedness.

Growth rate of an Argentinian feral horse population stabilizes in association with puma recovery.

Foal survival was four times lower in presence of a predator.

The loss of foals allowed adult females to achieve better body condition.

Top predators may have positive implications for the management of feral herbivores.

This study is the first to document pumas as natural regulators of feral horse populations in South America.

α and β-diversity of birds is mainly influenced by forest cover.

Landscape heterogeneity is important for generalist and open-habitat bird species.

The heterogeneity of landscapes on productive land fosters the conservation of biodiversity.

Agricultural landscapes must conserve native habitat and diversify crops.