We synthesize knowledge on the impacts of climate change on Brazil’s biodiversity.

The greatest predicted impact is in the Pantanal, and the lowest in the Pampa.

There are still large knowledge gaps due to spatial and taxonomic biases in studies.

Paris Agreement could reduce impacts by 21% and cut extinction risk by half.

Biodiversity conservation requires the protection and maintenance of protected areas

Protected areas store carbon and regulate ecosystem processes

Protected areas prevent deforestation and conserve ecosystems and biodiversity

Belo Monte Dam diverted water from Xingu River, drastically reducing the high-water season.

This triggered an Independent Monitoring of flooded forests led by Xingu inhabitants.

Monitoring provided evidence of ecosystem services decay in flooded forests.

Some examples are high vegetation mortality, invasive species, and phenological disruption.

Current hydrological conditions are threatening the environment and people's livelihoods.

Forest restoration plantings have lower beta diversity than remnant forests.

Plantings are more floristically similar to one another than to regional forests.

Trees planted to restore the Atlantic Forest poorly represent local floras.

We reviewed changes in human-nature connectedness linked to 6 environmental activities.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after mindfulness and wildlife encounters.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after activities carried out over 2–7 days.

Changes in human-nature connectedness did not vary between adults and children.

Activities facilitated by conservation organisations foster human-nature connectedness.

Non-floodplain wetlands form where groundwater emerges to the surface, forming seeps.

Cerrado’s non-floodplain wetlands are key for regional and continental water security.

Brazil faces challenges to identify and protect diffuse seeps in wetlands.

Despite existing legal protection, Cerrado diffuse seep wetlands face severe threats.

Science-policy alignment is key to protecting non-floodplain wetlands effectively.

PES has potential to improve environmental quality and farm management.

Propensity score matching is a suitable tool to infer causality of policy interventions.

Natural vegetation recovery is significantly higher in participants of PES.

Pasture quality can be improved through management conservation techniques.

Wildfires in Brazil cause billion-dollar losses, harming biodiversity, health, and the economy.

Wildfire spreads toxic smoke across South America, straining the healthcare system.

Wildfires cause massive biodiversity loss, and we barely know how to measure it.

Despite substantial economic losses in tropical habitats, the Global South remains a low priority.

Brazil harbors high fungal diversity, much of it still undocumented.

Fungi have long been overlooked in national biodiversity conservation policies.

Recent policy change enables a turning point for fungal conservation in Brazil.

Inclusion of fungi in public policies is essential for biodiversity goals.

OECMs have recently been implemented in several countries, such as Colombia.

15% of Colombia's snakes geographical range are represented within PAs.

OECMs increase the representativeness of snakes and contribute to achieving conservation goals.

Most priority areas were concentrated in regions with potential OECMs.

OECMs complement the PAs, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity.