We synthesize knowledge on the impacts of climate change on Brazil’s biodiversity.

The greatest predicted impact is in the Pantanal, and the lowest in the Pampa.

There are still large knowledge gaps due to spatial and taxonomic biases in studies.

Paris Agreement could reduce impacts by 21% and cut extinction risk by half.

We reviewed changes in human-nature connectedness linked to 6 environmental activities.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after mindfulness and wildlife encounters.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after activities carried out over 2–7 days.

Changes in human-nature connectedness did not vary between adults and children.

Activities facilitated by conservation organisations foster human-nature connectedness.

Written historical records are crucial for enhancing wildlife knowledge.

Significant limitations and biases are detected in historical sources.

A seven-step process is provided to enhance the accuracy and reliability of historical information.

This approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation research.

Major flooding in Southern Brazil affected 4,300 km² of native ecosystems.

PAs were heavily impacted, with 825 km² affected by the flooding (∼21% of total PAs).

Over 1,440 km² of Permanent Preservation Areas were flooded, 67% lacked native cover.

747 tetrapod species were potentially affected, including 84 threatened species.

Threatened species were greatly impacted, requiring urgent conservation actions.

Human-Wildlife Conflicts with iconic mammals in Brazil are highlighted.

Main conflicts are divided between shared and spared landscapes.

Calls for inclusive, community-driven paths to foster coexistence.

Mitigation measures across species and landscapes are presented.

Growth rate of an Argentinian feral horse population stabilizes in association with puma recovery.

Foal survival was four times lower in presence of a predator.

The loss of foals allowed adult females to achieve better body condition.

Top predators may have positive implications for the management of feral herbivores.

This study is the first to document pumas as natural regulators of feral horse populations in South America.

Belo Monte Dam diverted water from Xingu River, drastically reducing the high-water season.

This triggered an Independent Monitoring of flooded forests led by Xingu inhabitants.

Monitoring provided evidence of ecosystem services decay in flooded forests.

Some examples are high vegetation mortality, invasive species, and phenological disruption.

Current hydrological conditions are threatening the environment and people's livelihoods.

Biodiversity conservation through rewilding should recognise the importance of fire.

Opinions on the role of fire in rewilding can be synthesised into four discourses.

Discourses consistently reappear in the expanding body of peer-reviewed literature.

Common themes imply integrating fire management and rewilding has strong potential.

Moving forwards requires addressing rewilding definitions and context dependence.

Implementing NbS criteria can be essential to ensure its full potential.

Studies are still focused on NbS biophysical dimension.

Increased complexity in NbS projects can reduce effect size but increase its variability.

Social, economic, and political dimensions need greater consideration in NbS research.

Interdisciplinary collaboration can be crucial for advancing NbS projects implementation.

Non-floodplain wetlands form where groundwater emerges to the surface, forming seeps.

Cerrado’s non-floodplain wetlands are key for regional and continental water security.

Brazil faces challenges to identify and protect diffuse seeps in wetlands.

Despite existing legal protection, Cerrado diffuse seep wetlands face severe threats.

Science-policy alignment is key to protecting non-floodplain wetlands effectively.

Brazilian Amazon offshore is potentially becoming a new frontier for oil exploration.

This contradicts national and global pledges to fight planetary crises.

Sub-national governments often rely on the consequent distribution of oil royalties.

We propose that this is replaced by a Green Royalty Fund of USD 19.9–33.1 billion.

Implementation would align with local and global biodiversity and climate pledges.

Forest restoration plantings have lower beta diversity than remnant forests.

Plantings are more floristically similar to one another than to regional forests.

Trees planted to restore the Atlantic Forest poorly represent local floras.

Wildfires in Brazil cause billion-dollar losses, harming biodiversity, health, and the economy.

Wildfire spreads toxic smoke across South America, straining the healthcare system.

Wildfires cause massive biodiversity loss, and we barely know how to measure it.

Despite substantial economic losses in tropical habitats, the Global South remains a low priority.

α and β-diversity of birds is mainly influenced by forest cover.

Landscape heterogeneity is important for generalist and open-habitat bird species.

The heterogeneity of landscapes on productive land fosters the conservation of biodiversity.

Agricultural landscapes must conserve native habitat and diversify crops.

Biodiversity conservation requires the protection and maintenance of protected areas

Protected areas store carbon and regulate ecosystem processes

Protected areas prevent deforestation and conserve ecosystems and biodiversity

Brazil harbors high fungal diversity, much of it still undocumented.

Fungi have long been overlooked in national biodiversity conservation policies.

Recent policy change enables a turning point for fungal conservation in Brazil.

Inclusion of fungi in public policies is essential for biodiversity goals.

OECMs have recently been implemented in several countries, such as Colombia.

15% of Colombia's snakes geographical range are represented within PAs.

OECMs increase the representativeness of snakes and contribute to achieving conservation goals.

Most priority areas were concentrated in regions with potential OECMs.

OECMs complement the PAs, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity.

Cerrado road verges hold 32% of native vegetation.

Store 600,000 tons of carbon.

Conservation efforts should prioritize law enforcement to protect these areas.

The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago is a shark hotspot.

Humans influence sharks through the competition for prey and joint use of reefs.

Sharks need conservation, especially the largest which were found outside the MPA.

We propose including a bigger part of the home range of resident sharks in the MPA.

Natural fires shape local environment and its biota.

Small-bodied mammal assemblages tend to homogenization in response to prolonged natural fire absence.

Big-fires are arguably disastrous, but the absence of natural fires reassembles the biotas.

Further technical discussions about fire management in Cerrado are needed.