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Written historical records are crucial for enhancing wildlife knowledge.

Significant limitations and biases are detected in historical sources.

A seven-step process is provided to enhance the accuracy and reliability of historical information.

This approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation research.

We synthesize knowledge on the impacts of climate change on Brazil’s biodiversity.

The greatest predicted impact is in the Pantanal, and the lowest in the Pampa.

There are still large knowledge gaps due to spatial and taxonomic biases in studies.

Paris Agreement could reduce impacts by 21% and cut extinction risk by half.

Belo Monte Dam diverted water from Xingu River, drastically reducing the high-water season.

This triggered an Independent Monitoring of flooded forests led by Xingu inhabitants.

Monitoring provided evidence of ecosystem services decay in flooded forests.

Some examples are high vegetation mortality, invasive species, and phenological disruption.

Current hydrological conditions are threatening the environment and people's livelihoods.

Forest restoration plantings have lower beta diversity than remnant forests.

Plantings are more floristically similar to one another than to regional forests.

Trees planted to restore the Atlantic Forest poorly represent local floras.

α and β-diversity of birds is mainly influenced by forest cover.

Landscape heterogeneity is important for generalist and open-habitat bird species.

The heterogeneity of landscapes on productive land fosters the conservation of biodiversity.

Agricultural landscapes must conserve native habitat and diversify crops.

Brazilian Amazon offshore is potentially becoming a new frontier for oil exploration.

This contradicts national and global pledges to fight planetary crises.

Sub-national governments often rely on the consequent distribution of oil royalties.

We propose that this is replaced by a Green Royalty Fund of USD 19.9–33.1 billion.

Implementation would align with local and global biodiversity and climate pledges.

Biodiversity conservation through rewilding should recognise the importance of fire.

Opinions on the role of fire in rewilding can be synthesised into four discourses.

Discourses consistently reappear in the expanding body of peer-reviewed literature.

Common themes imply integrating fire management and rewilding has strong potential.

Moving forwards requires addressing rewilding definitions and context dependence.

Biodiversity conservation requires the protection and maintenance of protected areas

Protected areas store carbon and regulate ecosystem processes

Protected areas prevent deforestation and conserve ecosystems and biodiversity

Growth rate of an Argentinian feral horse population stabilizes in association with puma recovery.

Foal survival was four times lower in presence of a predator.

The loss of foals allowed adult females to achieve better body condition.

Top predators may have positive implications for the management of feral herbivores.

This study is the first to document pumas as natural regulators of feral horse populations in South America.

Wildfires in Brazil cause billion-dollar losses, harming biodiversity, health, and the economy.

Wildfire spreads toxic smoke across South America, straining the healthcare system.

Wildfires cause massive biodiversity loss, and we barely know how to measure it.

Despite substantial economic losses in tropical habitats, the Global South remains a low priority.

Major flooding in Southern Brazil affected 4,300 km² of native ecosystems.

PAs were heavily impacted, with 825 km² affected by the flooding (∼21% of total PAs).

Over 1,440 km² of Permanent Preservation Areas were flooded, 67% lacked native cover.

747 tetrapod species were potentially affected, including 84 threatened species.

Threatened species were greatly impacted, requiring urgent conservation actions.

Non-floodplain wetlands form where groundwater emerges to the surface, forming seeps.

Cerrado’s non-floodplain wetlands are key for regional and continental water security.

Brazil faces challenges to identify and protect diffuse seeps in wetlands.

Despite existing legal protection, Cerrado diffuse seep wetlands face severe threats.

Science-policy alignment is key to protecting non-floodplain wetlands effectively.

Cerrado road verges hold 32% of native vegetation.

Store 600,000 tons of carbon.

Conservation efforts should prioritize law enforcement to protect these areas.

Global conservation problems often require holistic, transdisciplinary solutions.

Transdisciplinary ECRs face major challenges in collaboration and career growth.

Current metrics fail to capture the real-world impact of transdisciplinary research.

Transforming metrics and recognising transdisciplinary scientists is key.

Increasing forest cover slow down and decrease the number of sites reached by pest.

Sites have indirect connections to other sites by several alternative paths.

Spatial networks predicted the most susceptible sites in the landscape.

Forest cover control pest spreading through the agroecosystem.

Spatial networks are a powerful predictive tool to manage the spread of pests.

Landscape structure and instream features affect freshwater biodiversity at fine and large spatial scales.

Microcrustaceans have been favored by landscapes dominated by crops and pastures.

Landscape changes are favoring some biological groups which can lead to freshwater biotic homogenization.

The unsustainable expansion of agriculture and livestock activities are compromising freshwater biodiversity and water quality.

We reviewed changes in human-nature connectedness linked to 6 environmental activities.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after mindfulness and wildlife encounters.

Human-nature connectedness increased most after activities carried out over 2–7 days.

Changes in human-nature connectedness did not vary between adults and children.

Activities facilitated by conservation organisations foster human-nature connectedness.

Ecosystem function depends on species diversity; effects of species loss on functionality remain unclear.

Over 65% of functional diversity in Asia, Europe, and America comes from threatened species.

Ecosystems with species at high risk are highly vulnerable to ecological meltdown.

Ecological meltdown collapse could drastically affect human lifestyles and global environmental systems.

OECMs have recently been implemented in several countries, such as Colombia.

15% of Colombia's snakes geographical range are represented within PAs.

OECMs increase the representativeness of snakes and contribute to achieving conservation goals.

Most priority areas were concentrated in regions with potential OECMs.

OECMs complement the PAs, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity.

Natural fires shape local environment and its biota.

Small-bodied mammal assemblages tend to homogenization in response to prolonged natural fire absence.

Big-fires are arguably disastrous, but the absence of natural fires reassembles the biotas.

Further technical discussions about fire management in Cerrado are needed.