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A deforestation hotspot emerges in a region planned for agricultural development in the - Amazon rainforest.

Deforestation grows in all land tenure classes, especially after the project became widespread, in 2018.

Forest loss increased in protected areas after 2018, except in Indigenous Lands, which resist as protective shields.

Contrary to economic development, it can trigger socioeconomic losses and affect essential edaphoclimatic conditions for agricultural activity.

Environmental impact studies need to be concluded before establishing the zone for agricultural development.

Since 1990, the intense threat faced by the Atlantic Forest pushed the enactment of dedicated laws safeguarding its native vegetation.

Current successional stages’ parameters are subjective and imprecise, hindering environmental permitting and related offset policies.

We highlight the current classification’s main limitations, propose specific improvements, and suggest creating a new inclusive framework.

It is urgent to review, clarify, simplify, and increase the scientific reliability of the classification of successional stages.

Shade coffee plantations favor the presence of some pollinators such as hummingbirds.

Late forests and shade coffee plantations had the highest number of species, pairs of interactions and modularity.

The cattle pastures network presented the greatest robustness due to a greater presence of generalist hummingbirds.

Hummingbird visits are influenced by plant traits such as foliage height but not by the number of flowers.

Conversion of natural habitats causes changes in the hummingbird-plant interaction, affecting ecological process such as pollination.

Bird sensitivity varies across distribution ranges and environmental gradients, shaping distinct population patterns.

Four patterns: edge, equal, core, and varying sensitivity to landscape changes.

Dispersal ability, habitat specialization, and distribution range do not fully explain sensitivity patterns.

Species' intraspecific sensitivity variations call for adaptive conservation strategies.

eDNA metabarcoding allows cost-effective biodiversity analysis and monitoring.

eDNA focuses on defining MOTUs/ASVs, but more information is intrinsic to such data.

α and β diversity patterns from eDNA are enhanced by explicit phylogenetic analyses.

Diversity gradients of microeukaryotes in Araguaia River illustrate these patterns.

Data collection can deplete conservation resources.

This can be circumvented by making better use of readily available data.

We provide a roadmap for how researchers can make better use of existing data.

Doing so will make conservation research more efficient and effective.

Dry-forest regeneration mechanisms respond to both natural and human drivers.

Caatinga regeneration relies on low-density and taxonomically impoverished regenerating assemblages.

Resprouts rather than seedlings and saplings support Caatinga regeneration.

Chronic human disturbances pose negative effect on regeneration mechanisms such as seed rain and seedling abundance.

Agricultural better practices are required to improve Caatinga resilience.

Overlap of priority areas for bird conservation based on three diversity components is low.

The current Protected Areas network does not cover the most important areas.

Climate change can have a low impact on priority areas for conservation.

We show priority areas where the current Protected Areas network could be expanded.

The federal grants and scholarships are uneven distributed between Brazilian regions.

The North region receives the least number of scholarships and grants per km² in Brazil.

The current federal budget is insufficient to cover large-scale research in the Amazon.

New national and international funds need to be created to improve Amazon biodiversity research.

We recorded 605 mammalian carnivorans (10 spp.) across 368 Brazilian urban areas.

Hotspots of carnivorans in urban areas were in Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.

Key predictions include human development index and human population density.

Road extension, municipality size and elevation also are crucial factors.

We design a multi-objective Integer Linear Programming model for MPA selection.

The model maximizes ecological habitat and connectivity along the Kuroshio current.

We simulate larval drift from Batanes, Philippines to settlement areas in Taiwan.

We feed estimated travel time to the optimization model.

Our framework can inform a potential transboundary MPA network.

Ceratophrys ornata is not recorded in Uruguay since 1982.

We report the last documented record for Brazil, made in 1992.

Distance to grasslands and afforestation negatively affect the C. ornata occurrence.

Water body cover and sandy soils positively influence the occurrence of C. ornata.

The Amazon basin is approaching a tipping point, and is therefore of paramount concern for biodiversity conservation.

While attention is paid to the protection of terrestrial ecosystems, freshwater efforts lag behind, despite rising threats.

Basin-wide conservation policy development, implementation, and enforcement requires commitments across all scales.

Stakeholder's participation in the system could be facilitated by supporting cross-border and cross-scalar capacity-building.

Open biomes cover ∼60% of land worldwide, and are associated with many biodiversity hotspots.

There, plants typically allocate most biomass belowground, yet functional roles of belowground coarse organs are overlooked.

Perenniality and decomposability of belowground coarse organs can differ greatly from that of fine roots.

We call for the inclusion of belowground coarse organs and their functions, especially in carbon cycling research.

Such inclusive approach can refine mitigation policies and our view on the functioning and conservation of open biomes.

Expanding protected areas is likely to have high economic costs and exacerbate inequalities.

OECMs can provide a cheaper more equitable alternative to meeting area-based conservation targets.

Effort and funds should focus on improving existing protected areas and designating new OECMs.

Thermal mismatch can increase susceptibility of tropical amphibians to chytridiomycosis.

Cold- and warm-adapted amphibian hosts had a higher risk of infection under abnormally warm and cool conditions, respectively.

Overall, cool-adapted frogs displayed a greater risk of disease regardless of temperature.

Multiple facets of biodiversity should be considered to understand phytoplankton dynamics.

Anthropogenic effects operate through the regulation of phytoplankton abundance, which in turn mediates species richness, and through it, functional evenness.

Connectivity to water, resource availability, pond size and design are key factors in understanding phytoplankton dynamics in livestock farm ponds.

Pond design should be considered for the construction and management of livestock farm ponds in the tropics.

Shark recovery in Brazilian Marine Protected Areas has concerned managers.

Shark culling has been proposed and scientific-diving banned after incidents.

Decisions should not be based on fear but grounded in scientific research.

Both conservation goals and economic benefits can be achieved with shark recovery.

CUs and ILs help regulate energy balance components, with lower LST and albedo and higher ET than multiple-use areas.

External pressures (deforestation, burned areas) have led to significant changes in LST and albedo over the past two decades, particularly in MUs.

The main predictors of changes in LST, ET, and albedo were the CUs and ILs, burned area, % native vegetation, NDVI, water deficit , and precipitation.

Results showed significant differences between biomes, with higher daytime LST and lower ET in the Cerrado compared with the Amazon.

The conversion rates of native vegetation were higher in MUs than in protected areas, , particularly in the Amazon region of Mato Grosso state.

Campos Sulinos are neglected in terms of conservation and biodiversity studies.

We recovered 58 works about population genetics and phylogeography in Campos Sulinos.

High genetic variability and population structure were found in plants from Campos Sulinos.

There is a gap in genetics and genomics data availability in Campos Sulinos to apply in biodiversity conservation.

Genetics and genomics data are critical to address goals for CBD post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework in Campos Sulinos.