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Conserving ∼80% of the Brazilian Amazon is still feasible

Conservation areas are essential for a new regional development model

The cost of establishing.1.3 million km2 of new conservation areas is USD 1.0–1.6 billion

The annual cost of 3.5 million km2 of conservation areas is USD 1.7–2.8 billion

A new ambitious, decentralized, and agile fund mechanism is required

Climate change is unlikely to modify relative habitat suitability for birds at a landscape scale in the Atlantic Forest (AF).

AF landscapes with higher forest cover will remain more suitable regardless of climate change.

Predicted impacts of climate change are minor regardless the spatial scale at which climatic suitability is quantified.

Most AF landscapes have low habitat suitability for birds due to extensive deforestation.

Non-climatic variables improve ecological niche models (ENMs).

Addition of vegetation cover constrains predicted suitable areas.

Estimated areas differ most for birds with high and medium forest dependency.

ENM provides useful information to support quick decisions at broad scale.

Neotropical governments and their environmental agencies have generally poor governance.

Poor governance can be influencing human-top predator conflicts in the Neotropics.

Forty percent of interviewees disapproved the current top-down local management.

Disapproval of top-down local management influenced human tolerance independently.

Neotropics need a better balance between bottom-up and top-down governance.

We projected future deforestation in Borneo and quantified the impact on orangutans.

The habitat of 26,200 Bornean orangutans could be lost by 2030s.

Worst orangutan losses in forests in industrial plantations and unprotected forests.

Orangutans in protected areas and logging concessions are less threatened.

Land-use planning for biodiversity and development should consider future dynamics.

Two genetic populations (inland and coastal) were found, reflecting the two major forested blocks.

Population genetic structure was better explained by elevation.

Low effective population size was found in both genetic populations.

The largest rainforest continuum is not totally permeable to gene flow of large mammals.

Lowland tapir conservation efforts should be taken even for populations living in large continuous areas.

Functional and taxonomic composition of bird assemblages inside cities vary with the surrounding habitat.

A landscape matrix mainly composed of native habitat may mitigate the urban impact on native communities.

Species and traits turnover was more evident in the agricultural than in the forest landscape matrix.

Urban areas should be managed to maintain a forest component and sure successful bird breed.

9847 wasps classified into 75 species and 23 genera were recorded.

Inter-habitat dissimilarity decreased with increasing forest cover in the landscape.

Landscape diversity, edge density, and pesticide usage did not affect spillover.

Forested landscapes provide more spillover opportunities than do crop landscapes.

Long-term monitoring of different drivers of changes increases the effectiveness of protected areas.

Long-term Ecological Research Program helps detecting complex environmental changes.

The effects of disturbances on biodiversity and ecosystems were explored over 22 years in the central Cerrado.

Even in Protected Areas, changes in surroundings affect biodiversity and ecosystems.

Significant ecological changes were detected in responses to long-term stressors.

Small forest-steppe parches are embedded in pine plantation matrix in Central-Europe.

Species turnover was higher for steppes than for forests, steppes are more isolated.

Habitat type, fragments size and matrix quality affects plants spiders and ants.

The habitat-specific matrix quality effects call for a situation-specific management.

Establishing native tree plantation and extensive grasslands conserve the biota.

Here we demonstrated that large mammalian herbivores play a fundamental role in plant consumption and trampling.

Because large herbivore activities are associated to palm fruit patches, we found that palm-herbivore association is an important component to understand forest productivity.

Defaunation and palm harvesting can lead to important changes in forest structure, biomass and diversity in tropical forests.

The impact of future climate change on narrow-ranging species is poorly documented.

We used a combination of techniques and high-resolution predictors to fill this gap.

We predict a complete extirpation of suitable conditions across their range by 2070.

Climate risk may be higher than expected in tropical narrow-ranging species.

Proactive conservation actions are needed in tropical heterogeneous environments.

Caatinga dry forests are becoming increasingly drier and chronically disturbed.

Herb communities negatively respond to rainfall reduction and increase disturbance.

Responses may be mediated by the local density of woody plants.

Multiple successional pathways should emerge with the new environmental conditions.

Management and conservation actions are urgent to protect Caatinga herb diversity.

Wetlands function as the “kidneys of the planet”, assuring water supply and quality.

Cerrado wetlands have distinct vegetation types playing equivalent ecological roles.

All types of Cerrado wetlands should have the same status of legal protection.

The maximum water-table elevation defines the wetlands’ limit, biota and functioning.

All human actions threatening the hydrology of Cerrado wetlands must be regulated.

We reviewed the use of network science in sustainable agriculture.

Network science can be used to understand, harness and restore ecological processes in agricultural systems.

Social, economic and ecological aspects of agriculture can be incorporated using novel methods.

Agricultural systems can be managed using a network-based framework.

Fires affect the ant communities in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland.

Flooding, at a local scale, does not interact with fire to determine ant community structure.

Ant communities were resilient, and the observed effect of fire on their structure decreased after one year and was not noticed after four years.

Ant community recovery takes years, and there is a need for long intervals between fires to maintain the original ant community structure.

The observed increase in fire frequency can be detrimental to the ant community structure recovery, threatening the conservation of ants.

Few studies empirically estimated the impact of roadkill on wildlife populations.

Giant anteaters inhabiting road vicinity areas have lower survival rates.

20% of the anteaters inhabiting road vicinity areas are road-killed.

Roads are sink areas for giant anteaters.

Anthropization drives directional changes on functional traits of bird communities of Neotropical seasonal forests.

Birds within anthropized habitat have short life cycles, rapid development, high fecundity, and broad ecological niches.

According to the Ecological Strategies Theory, birds could show the ruderal strategy within the perturbed anthropic habitat.

Climate change threatens Cerrado anurans.

∼70% of anuran species tend to lose potential distribution areas.

Not all species are likely to be equally affected by climate change.

Anurans’ responses to climate change are mediated by biogeographic character.

Multi-temporal cropland mask allows accurate classification of grassland remnants.

Grasslands of Uruguayan Eastern Plains are in an advanced stage of fragmentation.

Suitability for rice crop establishment drives the grassland fragmentation.