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Conserving ∼80% of the Brazilian Amazon is still feasible

Conservation areas are essential for a new regional development model

The cost of establishing.1.3 million km2 of new conservation areas is USD 1.0–1.6 billion

The annual cost of 3.5 million km2 of conservation areas is USD 1.7–2.8 billion

A new ambitious, decentralized, and agile fund mechanism is required

Climate change is unlikely to modify relative habitat suitability for birds at a landscape scale in the Atlantic Forest (AF).

AF landscapes with higher forest cover will remain more suitable regardless of climate change.

Predicted impacts of climate change are minor regardless the spatial scale at which climatic suitability is quantified.

Most AF landscapes have low habitat suitability for birds due to extensive deforestation.

Non-climatic variables improve ecological niche models (ENMs).

Addition of vegetation cover constrains predicted suitable areas.

Estimated areas differ most for birds with high and medium forest dependency.

ENM provides useful information to support quick decisions at broad scale.

Functional and taxonomic composition of bird assemblages inside cities vary with the surrounding habitat.

A landscape matrix mainly composed of native habitat may mitigate the urban impact on native communities.

Species and traits turnover was more evident in the agricultural than in the forest landscape matrix.

Urban areas should be managed to maintain a forest component and sure successful bird breed.

Neotropical governments and their environmental agencies have generally poor governance.

Poor governance can be influencing human-top predator conflicts in the Neotropics.

Forty percent of interviewees disapproved the current top-down local management.

Disapproval of top-down local management influenced human tolerance independently.

Neotropics need a better balance between bottom-up and top-down governance.

The impact of future climate change on narrow-ranging species is poorly documented.

We used a combination of techniques and high-resolution predictors to fill this gap.

We predict a complete extirpation of suitable conditions across their range by 2070.

Climate risk may be higher than expected in tropical narrow-ranging species.

Proactive conservation actions are needed in tropical heterogeneous environments.

Here we demonstrated that large mammalian herbivores play a fundamental role in plant consumption and trampling.

Because large herbivore activities are associated to palm fruit patches, we found that palm-herbivore association is an important component to understand forest productivity.

Defaunation and palm harvesting can lead to important changes in forest structure, biomass and diversity in tropical forests.

Anthropization drives directional changes on functional traits of bird communities of Neotropical seasonal forests.

Birds within anthropized habitat have short life cycles, rapid development, high fecundity, and broad ecological niches.

According to the Ecological Strategies Theory, birds could show the ruderal strategy within the perturbed anthropic habitat.

9847 wasps classified into 75 species and 23 genera were recorded.

Inter-habitat dissimilarity decreased with increasing forest cover in the landscape.

Landscape diversity, edge density, and pesticide usage did not affect spillover.

Forested landscapes provide more spillover opportunities than do crop landscapes.

Agriculture-frontier classification allows organizing social-ecological processes.

Forest exploitation and real-estate transactions are daily drivers in the early stages.

Global agribusiness and livestock are drivers dominating the advanced stages.

Only crop replacement takes place during mature frontier stages.

Extra-regional people and governments are mentioned as the responsible social actors.